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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"> 2 <HTML 3 ><HEAD 4 ><TITLE 5 >tcshrc FAQ and features</TITLE 6 ><META 7 NAME="GENERATOR" 8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.59"><LINK 9 REL="HOME" 10 TITLE="The tcshrc manual" 11 HREF="tcshrc.html"><LINK 12 REL="PREVIOUS" 13 TITLE="I want to make a system installation" 14 HREF="x106.html"></HEAD 15 ><BODY 16 CLASS="CHAPTER" 17 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" 18 TEXT="#000000" 19 LINK="#0000FF" 20 VLINK="#840084" 21 ALINK="#0000FF" 22 ><DIV 23 CLASS="NAVHEADER" 24 ><TABLE 25 WIDTH="100%" 26 BORDER="0" 27 CELLPADDING="0" 28 CELLSPACING="0" 29 ><TR 30 ><TH 31 COLSPAN="3" 32 ALIGN="center" 33 >The tcshrc manual: A guide for the tcshrc package</TH 34 ></TR 35 ><TR 36 ><TD 37 WIDTH="10%" 38 ALIGN="left" 39 VALIGN="bottom" 40 ><A 41 HREF="x106.html" 42 ><<< Previous</A 43 ></TD 44 ><TD 45 WIDTH="80%" 46 ALIGN="center" 47 VALIGN="bottom" 48 ></TD 49 ><TD 50 WIDTH="10%" 51 ALIGN="right" 52 VALIGN="bottom" 53 > </TD 54 ></TR 55 ></TABLE 56 ><HR 57 ALIGN="LEFT" 58 WIDTH="100%"></DIV 59 ><DIV 60 CLASS="CHAPTER" 61 ><H1 62 ><A 63 NAME="AEN128" 64 >tcshrc FAQ and features</A 65 ></H1 66 ><P 67 >For a full list of the tcshrc features of tcsh that are made available, 68 you should consult the <TT 69 CLASS="FILENAME" 70 >.tcshrc.*</TT 71 > files and the tcsh 72 man pages. Moreover, there must be a book on the subject from the favourite bookshop. </P 73 ><DIV 74 CLASS="QANDASET" 75 ><DL 76 ><DT 77 >Q: <A 78 HREF="c128.html#AEN134" 79 >I did "tar xvfz tcshrc-0.x.tar.gz" and I did not find any RC files!</A 80 ></DT 81 ><DT 82 >Q: <A 83 HREF="c128.html#AEN142" 84 >When I try the completion, it does not work!</A 85 ></DT 86 ><DT 87 >Q: <A 88 HREF="c128.html#AEN162" 89 >When I do "cd<TAB>", I only see directories. This is nice!</A 90 ></DT 91 ><DT 92 >Q: <A 93 HREF="c128.html#AEN169" 94 >Auto-correction confuses me.</A 95 ></DT 96 ><DT 97 >Q: <A 98 HREF="c128.html#AEN188" 99 >What does the F1 key do?</A 100 ></DT 101 ><DT 102 >Q: <A 103 HREF="c128.html#AEN201" 104 >What do the F2 and F3 keys do?</A 105 ></DT 106 ><DT 107 >Q: <A 108 HREF="c128.html#AEN206" 109 >What does the F4 key do?</A 110 ></DT 111 ><DT 112 >Q: <A 113 HREF="c128.html#AEN211" 114 >What do F5 and F6 do?</A 115 ></DT 116 ><DT 117 >Q: <A 118 HREF="c128.html#AEN221" 119 >What does the F7 key do?</A 120 ></DT 121 ><DT 122 >Q: <A 123 HREF="c128.html#AEN243" 124 >What does F8 do?</A 125 ></DT 126 ><DT 127 >Q: <A 128 HREF="c128.html#AEN261" 129 >What does F9 do?</A 130 ></DT 131 ><DT 132 >Q: <A 133 HREF="c128.html#AEN267" 134 >What does F10 do?</A 135 ></DT 136 ><DT 137 >Q: <A 138 HREF="c128.html#AEN273" 139 >What does F11 do?</A 140 ></DT 141 ><DT 142 >Q: <A 143 HREF="c128.html#AEN278" 144 >What does F12 do?</A 145 ></DT 146 ><DT 147 >Q: <A 148 HREF="c128.html#AEN291" 149 >What do these lines mean? 150 151 <P 152 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 153 >root has logged on pts/0 from :0.<br> 154 root has logged on pts/1 from :0.<br> 155 root has logged on tty1 from local.</P 156 ></A 157 ></DT 158 ><DT 159 >Q: <A 160 HREF="c128.html#AEN298" 161 >I was compiling an application and at the end of it I got 162 163 <P 164 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 165 >Time spent in user mode   (CPU seconds) : 8.810s<br> 166 Time spent in kernel mode (CPU seconds) : 1.030s<br> 167 Total time                              : 0:11.66s<br> 168 CPU utilisation (percentage)            : 84.3%<br> 169 Times the process was swapped           : 0<br> 170 Times of major page faults              : 29424<br> 171 Times of minor page faults              : 28521</P 172 ></A 173 ></DT 174 ><DT 175 >Q: <A 176 HREF="c128.html#AEN311" 177 >I find it a bit awkward when I change back and forth directories. 178 Any nice trick?</A 179 ></DT 180 ><DT 181 >Q: <A 182 HREF="c128.html#AEN317" 183 >How can I access that <I 184 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 185 >cd /usr/local/samba/lib/</I 186 > command I type ages ago?</A 187 ></DT 188 ><DT 189 >Q: <A 190 HREF="c128.html#AEN340" 191 >What does ^G mean?</A 192 ></DT 193 ><DT 194 >Q: <A 195 HREF="c128.html#AEN349" 196 >I want F4 to beep to me!</A 197 ></DT 198 ><DT 199 >Q: <A 200 HREF="c128.html#AEN357" 201 >How can I traverse the history (backwards and forwards) restricting the search to what I have typed until now?</A 202 ></DT 203 ><DT 204 >Q: <A 205 HREF="c128.html#AEN365" 206 >How can I make it so that these .tcshrc* files are added to each newly created user?</A 207 ></DT 208 ></DL 209 ><DIV 210 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 211 ><DIV 212 CLASS="QUESTION" 213 ><P 214 ><BIG 215 ><A 216 NAME="AEN134" 217 ></A 218 ><B 219 >Q: I did "tar xvfz tcshrc-0.x.tar.gz" and I did not find any RC files!</B 220 ></BIG 221 ></P 222 ></DIV 223 ><DIV 224 CLASS="ANSWER" 225 ><P 226 ><B 227 >A: </B 228 >The RC files start with a dot, which means that you need to do 229 <P 230 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 231 ><TT 232 CLASS="PROMPT" 233 >%</TT 234 > <TT 235 CLASS="USERINPUT" 236 ><B 237 >ls -al</B 238 ></TT 239 ></P 240 > 241 to see them.</P 242 ></DIV 243 ></DIV 244 ><DIV 245 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 246 ><DIV 247 CLASS="QUESTION" 248 ><P 249 ><BIG 250 ><A 251 NAME="AEN142" 252 ></A 253 ><B 254 >Q: When I try the completion, it does not work!</B 255 ></BIG 256 ></P 257 ></DIV 258 ><DIV 259 CLASS="ANSWER" 260 ><P 261 ><B 262 >A: </B 263 >You are doing 264 <P 265 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 266 > <TT 267 CLASS="PROMPT" 268 >%</TT 269 ><TT 270 CLASS="USERINPUT" 271 ><B 272 >cp /etc/passwd /etc/pa<TAB></B 273 ></TT 274 ></P 275 > 276 277 The behaviour set in the .tcshrc files is to complete only in safe mode. 278 This means that it is not sane to complete on existing files in this case.</P 279 ><P 280 >Use 281 <P 282 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 283 > <TT 284 CLASS="PROMPT" 285 >%</TT 286 > <TT 287 CLASS="USERINPUT" 288 ><B 289 >cp /etc/passwd<ENTER></B 290 ></TT 291 ><br> 292 cp: error blah blah<br> 293 <TT 294 CLASS="PROMPT" 295 >%</TT 296 > <TT 297 CLASS="USERINPUT" 298 ><B 299 ><UP ARROW></B 300 ></TT 301 ><br> 302 <TT 303 CLASS="PROMPT" 304 >%</TT 305 > cp /etc/passwd <TT 306 CLASS="USERINPUT" 307 ><B 308 ><F7></B 309 ></TT 310 ><br> 311 <TT 312 CLASS="PROMPT" 313 >%</TT 314 > cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd<TT 315 CLASS="USERINPUT" 316 ><B 317 ><ENTER></B 318 ></TT 319 ><br> 320 <TT 321 CLASS="PROMPT" 322 >%</TT 323 > cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd<TT 324 CLASS="USERINPUT" 325 ><B 326 ><.old></B 327 ></TT 328 ></P 329 > 330 331 The F7 key prints the last argument of the previous command.</P 332 ></DIV 333 ></DIV 334 ><DIV 335 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 336 ><DIV 337 CLASS="QUESTION" 338 ><P 339 ><BIG 340 ><A 341 NAME="AEN162" 342 ></A 343 ><B 344 >Q: When I do "cd<TAB>", I only see directories. This is nice!</B 345 ></BIG 346 ></P 347 ></DIV 348 ><DIV 349 CLASS="ANSWER" 350 ><P 351 ><B 352 >A: </B 353 >This is part of the <I 354 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 355 >completion</I 356 > functionality, and it is configured 357 in <TT 358 CLASS="FILENAME" 359 >.tcshrc.complete</TT 360 >.</P 361 ></DIV 362 ></DIV 363 ><DIV 364 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 365 ><DIV 366 CLASS="QUESTION" 367 ><P 368 ><BIG 369 ><A 370 NAME="AEN169" 371 ></A 372 ><B 373 >Q: Auto-correction confuses me.</B 374 ></BIG 375 ></P 376 ></DIV 377 ><DIV 378 CLASS="ANSWER" 379 ><P 380 ><B 381 >A: </B 382 >Try this 383 384 <P 385 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 386 ><TT 387 CLASS="PROMPT" 388 >%</TT 389 > <TT 390 CLASS="USERINPUT" 391 ><B 392 >cd /usr/locl/bin<ENTER></B 393 ></TT 394 ><br> 395 CORRECT> cd /usr/local/bin (y|n|e)?<TT 396 CLASS="USERINPUT" 397 ><B 398 ><SPACE></B 399 ></TT 400 > or <TT 401 CLASS="USERINPUT" 402 ><B 403 ><y></B 404 ></TT 405 ><br> 406 <TT 407 CLASS="PROMPT" 408 >%</TT 409 ></P 410 ></P 411 ><P 412 >For the opposite, suppose you really want to make the directory 413 <TT 414 CLASS="FILENAME" 415 >/usr/locall</TT 416 > 417 418 <P 419 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 420 > <TT 421 CLASS="PROMPT" 422 >%</TT 423 > <TT 424 CLASS="USERINPUT" 425 ><B 426 >mkdir /usr/locall<ENTER></B 427 ></TT 428 ><br> 429 CORRECT> mkdir /usr/local (y|n|e)?<ENTER> or <n><br> 430 <TT 431 CLASS="PROMPT" 432 >%</TT 433 ></P 434 > 435 436 Consider that the SPACE key means <I 437 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 438 >acceptance of suggestion</I 439 > 440 while the ENTER key means <I 441 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 442 >forcing what we wrote</I 443 >.</P 444 ></DIV 445 ></DIV 446 ><DIV 447 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 448 ><DIV 449 CLASS="QUESTION" 450 ><P 451 ><BIG 452 ><A 453 NAME="AEN188" 454 ></A 455 ><B 456 >Q: What does the F1 key do?</B 457 ></BIG 458 ></P 459 ></DIV 460 ><DIV 461 CLASS="ANSWER" 462 ><P 463 ><B 464 >A: </B 465 >It prints the man page (if there is one) of the current command you are trying to execute. It is used like in the following. 466 467 <P 468 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 469 > <TT 470 CLASS="PROMPT" 471 >%</TT 472 > <TT 473 CLASS="USERINPUT" 474 ><B 475 > ncftp<F1></B 476 ></TT 477 ><br> 478 <br> 479 <I 480 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 481 >the command "man ncftp" is executed. once you have found the information 482 you are interested in, you may hit <TT 483 CLASS="USERINPUT" 484 ><B 485 >q</B 486 ></TT 487 > and continue 488 editing the command line.</I 489 ><br> 490 <TT 491 CLASS="PROMPT" 492 >%</TT 493 > ncftp</P 494 > 495 496 It does not disturb the command you are current editing. At present, the <I 497 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 498 >man</I 499 > 500 application is used to provide full help documentation. Another option is to use <I 501 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 502 >whatis</I 503 >. 504 If you are aware of a utility that provides short help of up to 15 lines for typical UNIX commands, 505 the author would be glad to hear about.</P 506 ></DIV 507 ></DIV 508 ><DIV 509 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 510 ><DIV 511 CLASS="QUESTION" 512 ><P 513 ><BIG 514 ><A 515 NAME="AEN201" 516 ></A 517 ><B 518 >Q: What do the F2 and F3 keys do?</B 519 ></BIG 520 ></P 521 ></DIV 522 ><DIV 523 CLASS="ANSWER" 524 ><P 525 ><B 526 >A: </B 527 >Suppose you are editing a long line. F2 sets a mark to the command line while F3 is used to switch between 528 the current position and the marked position.</P 529 ></DIV 530 ></DIV 531 ><DIV 532 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 533 ><DIV 534 CLASS="QUESTION" 535 ><P 536 ><BIG 537 ><A 538 NAME="AEN206" 539 ></A 540 ><B 541 >Q: What does the F4 key do?</B 542 ></BIG 543 ></P 544 ></DIV 545 ><DIV 546 CLASS="ANSWER" 547 ><P 548 ><B 549 >A: </B 550 >Currently nothing.</P 551 ></DIV 552 ></DIV 553 ><DIV 554 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 555 ><DIV 556 CLASS="QUESTION" 557 ><P 558 ><BIG 559 ><A 560 NAME="AEN211" 561 ></A 562 ><B 563 >Q: What do F5 and F6 do?</B 564 ></BIG 565 ></P 566 ></DIV 567 ><DIV 568 CLASS="ANSWER" 569 ><P 570 ><B 571 >A: </B 572 >F5 does a spelling check on the current line while F6 spell-checks the current word the cursor is at. 573 Spelling is typically done by checking that filenames or directories exist. You may find it usufull when you type 574 a long command line without hitting the TAB key and you notice that some filenames are not correct. 575 576 <P 577 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 578 > <TT 579 CLASS="PROMPT" 580 >%</TT 581 > <TT 582 CLASS="USERINPUT" 583 ><B 584 > cd /usr/loca/bin<F5></B 585 ></TT 586 ><br> 587 <TT 588 CLASS="PROMPT" 589 >%</TT 590 > <TT 591 CLASS="USERINPUT" 592 ><B 593 > cd /usr/local/bin</B 594 ></TT 595 ></P 596 ></P 597 ></DIV 598 ></DIV 599 ><DIV 600 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 601 ><DIV 602 CLASS="QUESTION" 603 ><P 604 ><BIG 605 ><A 606 NAME="AEN221" 607 ></A 608 ><B 609 >Q: What does the F7 key do?</B 610 ></BIG 611 ></P 612 ></DIV 613 ><DIV 614 CLASS="ANSWER" 615 ><P 616 ><B 617 >A: </B 618 >Without F7, you would do 619 620 <P 621 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 622 > <TT 623 CLASS="PROMPT" 624 >%</TT 625 > <TT 626 CLASS="USERINPUT" 627 ><B 628 > cd /tmp</B 629 ></TT 630 ><br> 631 <TT 632 CLASS="PROMPT" 633 >%</TT 634 > <TT 635 CLASS="USERINPUT" 636 ><B 637 > ls demodir</B 638 ></TT 639 ><br> 640 not found blah blah<br> 641 <TT 642 CLASS="PROMPT" 643 >%</TT 644 > <TT 645 CLASS="USERINPUT" 646 ><B 647 > mkdir demodir</B 648 ></TT 649 ><br> 650 <TT 651 CLASS="PROMPT" 652 >%</TT 653 > <TT 654 CLASS="USERINPUT" 655 ><B 656 > cd demodir</B 657 ></TT 658 ><br> 659 <br> 660 With F7, you do:<br> 661 <br> 662 <TT 663 CLASS="PROMPT" 664 >%</TT 665 > <TT 666 CLASS="USERINPUT" 667 ><B 668 > cd /tmp</B 669 ></TT 670 ><br> 671 <TT 672 CLASS="PROMPT" 673 >%</TT 674 > <TT 675 CLASS="USERINPUT" 676 ><B 677 > mkdir demodir</B 678 ></TT 679 ><br> 680 <TT 681 CLASS="PROMPT" 682 >%</TT 683 > <TT 684 CLASS="USERINPUT" 685 ><B 686 > cd <F7></B 687 ></TT 688 ><br> 689 <TT 690 CLASS="PROMPT" 691 >%</TT 692 > cd demodir<TT 693 CLASS="USERINPUT" 694 ><B 695 ><ENTER></B 696 ></TT 697 ></P 698 > 699 700 Try several times to get used to it. 701 F7 prints the last argument of the previous command.</P 702 ></DIV 703 ></DIV 704 ><DIV 705 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 706 ><DIV 707 CLASS="QUESTION" 708 ><P 709 ><BIG 710 ><A 711 NAME="AEN243" 712 ></A 713 ><B 714 >Q: What does F8 do?</B 715 ></BIG 716 ></P 717 ></DIV 718 ><DIV 719 CLASS="ANSWER" 720 ><P 721 ><B 722 >A: </B 723 >F8 searches the command history for commands that match the current line, 724 up to the cursor. For example, suppose we want to invoke the history line 18. 725 In a real case, we do not need to type <I 726 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 727 >history</I 728 > to check 729 out the previous commands. We typically remember them. 730 731 <P 732 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 733 > <TT 734 CLASS="PROMPT" 735 >%</TT 736 > <TT 737 CLASS="USERINPUT" 738 ><B 739 > history<ENTER></B 740 ></TT 741 ><br> 742     17 21:54   clear <br> 743     18 21:59 cd /usr/local/samba/bin<br> 744     19 21:59 ls -l<br> 745     20 22:00 cd ../lib<br> 746     21 22:02 vi *<br> 747     22 22:02 cd<br> 748     23 22:02 smbclient -L //SERVER/share -U test<br> 749     24 22:02 history<br> 750 <br> 751 <TT 752 CLASS="PROMPT" 753 >%</TT 754 > <TT 755 CLASS="USERINPUT" 756 ><B 757 > cd<F8></B 758 ></TT 759 ><br> 760 <TT 761 CLASS="PROMPT" 762 >%</TT 763 > cd<br> 764 <TT 765 CLASS="PROMPT" 766 >%</TT 767 > cd <TT 768 CLASS="USERINPUT" 769 ><B 770 ><F8></B 771 ></TT 772 ><br> 773 <TT 774 CLASS="PROMPT" 775 >%</TT 776 > cd ../lib<br> 777 <TT 778 CLASS="PROMPT" 779 >%</TT 780 > cd ../lib<TT 781 CLASS="USERINPUT" 782 ><B 783 > <F8></B 784 ></TT 785 ><br> 786 <TT 787 CLASS="PROMPT" 788 >%</TT 789 > cd /usr/local/samba/bin</P 790 ></P 791 ></DIV 792 ></DIV 793 ><DIV 794 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 795 ><DIV 796 CLASS="QUESTION" 797 ><P 798 ><BIG 799 ><A 800 NAME="AEN261" 801 ></A 802 ><B 803 >Q: What does F9 do?</B 804 ></BIG 805 ></P 806 ></DIV 807 ><DIV 808 CLASS="ANSWER" 809 ><P 810 ><B 811 >A: </B 812 >It simply clear the current screen. It is smarter than a simple <TT 813 CLASS="APPLICATION" 814 >clear</TT 815 > 816 command, it does not affect the current line you are editing.</P 817 ></DIV 818 ></DIV 819 ><DIV 820 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 821 ><DIV 822 CLASS="QUESTION" 823 ><P 824 ><BIG 825 ><A 826 NAME="AEN267" 827 ></A 828 ><B 829 >Q: What does F10 do?</B 830 ></BIG 831 ></P 832 ></DIV 833 ><DIV 834 CLASS="ANSWER" 835 ><P 836 ><B 837 >A: </B 838 ><TT 839 CLASS="APPLICATION" 840 >ls -l</TT 841 > is among the most common commands one typically types. 842 F10 does just that, it executes that command. This one does affect the current line you are editing. 843 A workaround is sought that does not affect the current line.</P 844 ></DIV 845 ></DIV 846 ><DIV 847 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 848 ><DIV 849 CLASS="QUESTION" 850 ><P 851 ><BIG 852 ><A 853 NAME="AEN273" 854 ></A 855 ><B 856 >Q: What does F11 do?</B 857 ></BIG 858 ></P 859 ></DIV 860 ><DIV 861 CLASS="ANSWER" 862 ><P 863 ><B 864 >A: </B 865 >It shows the current load of the system and like F9, it does not affect the current line you are editing. 866 On the other hand it does not appear to be enabled on Linux. It remains there until a solution is found.</P 867 ></DIV 868 ></DIV 869 ><DIV 870 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 871 ><DIV 872 CLASS="QUESTION" 873 ><P 874 ><BIG 875 ><A 876 NAME="AEN278" 877 ></A 878 ><B 879 >Q: What does F12 do?</B 880 ></BIG 881 ></P 882 ></DIV 883 ><DIV 884 CLASS="ANSWER" 885 ><P 886 ><B 887 >A: </B 888 >It does standard completion, irrelevant of the smart and configurable completion that tcsh provides. 889 There are some cases that the smart completion is not smart enough. This is where F12 comes in. For example, 890 suppose you have a file called lynx_bookmarks.html and you want to make a backup adding an extension. You may use 891 the trick described elsewhere in this FAQ, using the F7 key, or you can do the following. 892 893 <P 894 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 895 > <TT 896 CLASS="PROMPT" 897 >%</TT 898 > <TT 899 CLASS="USERINPUT" 900 ><B 901 > cp ly<TAB></B 902 ></TT 903 ><br> 904 <TT 905 CLASS="PROMPT" 906 >%</TT 907 > cd lynx_bookmarks.html<br> 908 <TT 909 CLASS="PROMPT" 910 >%</TT 911 > cd lynx_bookmarks.html<TT 912 CLASS="USERINPUT" 913 ><B 914 > ly<F12></B 915 ></TT 916 ><br> 917 <TT 918 CLASS="PROMPT" 919 >%</TT 920 > cd lynx_bookmarks.html lynx_bookmarks.html<TT 921 CLASS="USERINPUT" 922 ><B 923 >.old<ENTER></B 924 ></TT 925 ></P 926 ></P 927 ></DIV 928 ></DIV 929 ><DIV 930 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 931 ><DIV 932 CLASS="QUESTION" 933 ><P 934 ><BIG 935 ><A 936 NAME="AEN291" 937 ></A 938 ><B 939 >Q: What do these lines mean? 940 941 <P 942 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 943 >root has logged on pts/0 from :0.<br> 944 root has logged on pts/1 from :0.<br> 945 root has logged on tty1 from local.</P 946 ></B 947 ></BIG 948 ></P 949 ></DIV 950 ><DIV 951 CLASS="ANSWER" 952 ><P 953 ><B 954 >A: </B 955 >They are part of the <I 956 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 957 >watch</I 958 > facility. 959 Whenever you run a command in tcsh, tcsh checks if someones has 960 logged on/off the system. If so, it will print it here. 961 It is quite handy to know what is going on your system. 962 It is even handy if you run a non-networked system, to know where you 963 have shells open.</P 964 ></DIV 965 ></DIV 966 ><DIV 967 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 968 ><DIV 969 CLASS="QUESTION" 970 ><P 971 ><BIG 972 ><A 973 NAME="AEN298" 974 ></A 975 ><B 976 >Q: I was compiling an application and at the end of it I got 977 978 <P 979 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 980 >Time spent in user mode   (CPU seconds) : 8.810s<br> 981 Time spent in kernel mode (CPU seconds) : 1.030s<br> 982 Total time                              : 0:11.66s<br> 983 CPU utilisation (percentage)            : 84.3%<br> 984 Times the process was swapped           : 0<br> 985 Times of major page faults              : 29424<br> 986 Times of minor page faults              : 28521</P 987 ></B 988 ></BIG 989 ></P 990 ></DIV 991 ><DIV 992 CLASS="ANSWER" 993 ><P 994 ><B 995 >A: </B 996 >These are some statistics that TCSH can provide (in a human readable manner) 997 using a special command (time). 998 With the current configuration, it is printed automatically whenever 999 a process takes quite a bit of time to complete. It shows the time 1000 the process spent in kernel and user mode, the total time used for the 1001 process, the CPU utilisation (user+kernel time / total time) in %. 1002 The swapped times is the times the whole process was swapped. 1003 If you have plenty of memory, you usually get 0 here.</P 1004 ><P 1005 >For the page faults, a small operating system tutorial. In modern operating 1006 systems, memory is used in chunks called pages. These pages can be swapped 1007 to the swap partition to make space for other processes. When our process 1008 is running and it cannot find one of its <I 1009 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 1010 >pages</I 1011 >, 1012 it issues a <I 1013 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 1014 >fault</I 1015 >, or 1016 a <I 1017 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 1018 >page fault</I 1019 > and makes arrangements to have the page up. 1020 The fewer the page faults, the better. The <I 1021 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 1022 >page fault</I 1023 > 1024 terminology is a bit wierd and it comes from long time ago. 1025 1026 <DIV 1027 CLASS="NOTE" 1028 ><P 1029 ></P 1030 ><TABLE 1031 CLASS="NOTE" 1032 WIDTH="100%" 1033 BORDER="0" 1034 ><TR 1035 ><TD 1036 WIDTH="25" 1037 ALIGN="CENTER" 1038 VALIGN="TOP" 1039 ><IMG 1040 SRC="./stylesheet-images/note.gif" 1041 HSPACE="5" 1042 ALT="Note"></TD 1043 ><TD 1044 ALIGN="LEFT" 1045 VALIGN="TOP" 1046 ><P 1047 >the amount of page faults look to me rather a lot, perhaps they are 1048 faults regarding the presense of the page in the memory cache and not the 1049 swap. If a kernel hacker knows about this stuff and can have a look in the 1050 source code of TCSH, please clarify this issue.</P 1051 ></TD 1052 ></TR 1053 ></TABLE 1054 ></DIV 1055 ></P 1056 ></DIV 1057 ></DIV 1058 ><DIV 1059 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 1060 ><DIV 1061 CLASS="QUESTION" 1062 ><P 1063 ><BIG 1064 ><A 1065 NAME="AEN311" 1066 ></A 1067 ><B 1068 >Q: I find it a bit awkward when I change back and forth directories. 1069 Any nice trick?</B 1070 ></BIG 1071 ></P 1072 ></DIV 1073 ><DIV 1074 CLASS="ANSWER" 1075 ><P 1076 ><B 1077 >A: </B 1078 >You can use the <I 1079 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 1080 >cd -</I 1081 > command. It takes you to the previous directory. 1082 Try it once more to take you to the initial directory.</P 1083 ></DIV 1084 ></DIV 1085 ><DIV 1086 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 1087 ><DIV 1088 CLASS="QUESTION" 1089 ><P 1090 ><BIG 1091 ><A 1092 NAME="AEN317" 1093 ></A 1094 ><B 1095 >Q: How can I access that <I 1096 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 1097 >cd /usr/local/samba/lib/</I 1098 > command I type ages ago?</B 1099 ></BIG 1100 ></P 1101 ></DIV 1102 ><DIV 1103 CLASS="ANSWER" 1104 ><P 1105 ><B 1106 >A: </B 1107 >As long as you remember the beginning of the command that resides in the 1108 history, you can access it quickly.</P 1109 ><P 1110 >Do 1111 1112 <P 1113 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 1114 > <TT 1115 CLASS="PROMPT" 1116 >%</TT 1117 > <TT 1118 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1119 ><B 1120 > cd /usr/local/samba/lib/</B 1121 ></TT 1122 ><br> 1123 <TT 1124 CLASS="PROMPT" 1125 >%</TT 1126 > <TT 1127 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1128 ><B 1129 > cd /usr/local/bin/</B 1130 ></TT 1131 ><br> 1132 <TT 1133 CLASS="PROMPT" 1134 >%</TT 1135 > <TT 1136 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1137 ><B 1138 > cd /etc/</B 1139 ></TT 1140 ></P 1141 ></P 1142 ><P 1143 >Now you want to go to samba/lib. 1144 <P 1145 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 1146 > <TT 1147 CLASS="PROMPT" 1148 >%</TT 1149 > <TT 1150 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1151 ><B 1152 > cd <ESC p></B 1153 ></TT 1154 ><br> 1155 <TT 1156 CLASS="PROMPT" 1157 >%</TT 1158 > cd /etc<TT 1159 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1160 ><B 1161 ><ESC p></B 1162 ></TT 1163 ><br> 1164 <TT 1165 CLASS="PROMPT" 1166 >%</TT 1167 > cd /usr/local/bin<TT 1168 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1169 ><B 1170 ><ESC p></B 1171 ></TT 1172 ><br> 1173 <TT 1174 CLASS="PROMPT" 1175 >%</TT 1176 > cd /usr/local/samba/lib</P 1177 > 1178 1179 That is, you press several times ESC p to go to the Previous occurence 1180 of a similar command. If at some point you want to go to the next command 1181 in the history, hit ESC n.</P 1182 ></DIV 1183 ></DIV 1184 ><DIV 1185 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 1186 ><DIV 1187 CLASS="QUESTION" 1188 ><P 1189 ><BIG 1190 ><A 1191 NAME="AEN340" 1192 ></A 1193 ><B 1194 >Q: What does ^G mean?</B 1195 ></BIG 1196 ></P 1197 ></DIV 1198 ><DIV 1199 CLASS="ANSWER" 1200 ><P 1201 ><B 1202 >A: </B 1203 >Means you press Ctrl-G. 1204 Speaking of ^G, try 1205 <P 1206 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 1207 > <TT 1208 CLASS="PROMPT" 1209 >%</TT 1210 > <TT 1211 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1212 ><B 1213 > echo <^V><^G><ENTER></B 1214 ></TT 1215 ></P 1216 > 1217 1218 You will hear a BEEP. 1219 ^V is used to <I 1220 CLASS="EMPHASIS" 1221 >mask</I 1222 > the next character pressed.</P 1223 ></DIV 1224 ></DIV 1225 ><DIV 1226 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 1227 ><DIV 1228 CLASS="QUESTION" 1229 ><P 1230 ><BIG 1231 ><A 1232 NAME="AEN349" 1233 ></A 1234 ><B 1235 >Q: I want F4 to beep to me!</B 1236 ></BIG 1237 ></P 1238 ></DIV 1239 ><DIV 1240 CLASS="ANSWER" 1241 ><P 1242 ><B 1243 >A: </B 1244 >You need to bind F4 with the beep. Beep is ^G. 1245 Do 1246 <P 1247 CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" 1248 > <TT 1249 CLASS="PROMPT" 1250 >%</TT 1251 > <TT 1252 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1253 ><B 1254 >bindkey -c <^V><F4> "echo -n <^V><^G>"<ENTER></B 1255 ></TT 1256 ></P 1257 > 1258 1259 That's it. You need to use it on an empty command line.</P 1260 ></DIV 1261 ></DIV 1262 ><DIV 1263 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 1264 ><DIV 1265 CLASS="QUESTION" 1266 ><P 1267 ><BIG 1268 ><A 1269 NAME="AEN357" 1270 ></A 1271 ><B 1272 >Q: How can I traverse the history (backwards and forwards) restricting the search to what I have typed until now?</B 1273 ></BIG 1274 ></P 1275 ></DIV 1276 ><DIV 1277 CLASS="ANSWER" 1278 ><P 1279 ><B 1280 >A: </B 1281 >This is similar to the F8 key that goes only backwards. Check the question on the F8 key. </P 1282 ><P 1283 >To go backwards, use the <TT 1284 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1285 ><B 1286 >ESC p</B 1287 ></TT 1288 > combination. 1289 To go forwards, use the <TT 1290 CLASS="USERINPUT" 1291 ><B 1292 >ESC n</B 1293 ></TT 1294 > combination. 1295 p is for previous and n for next. You hit first ESC, then you hit either p or n.</P 1296 ></DIV 1297 ></DIV 1298 ><DIV 1299 CLASS="QANDAENTRY" 1300 ><DIV 1301 CLASS="QUESTION" 1302 ><P 1303 ><BIG 1304 ><A 1305 NAME="AEN365" 1306 ></A 1307 ><B 1308 >Q: How can I make it so that these .tcshrc* files are added to each newly created user?</B 1309 ></BIG 1310 ></P 1311 ></DIV 1312 ><DIV 1313 CLASS="ANSWER" 1314 ><P 1315 ><B 1316 >A: </B 1317 >You need to copy them to the <TT 1318 CLASS="FILENAME" 1319 >/etc/skel</TT 1320 > directory. 1321 Then, the utility that creates new users will automatically include the tcsh 1322 configuration files. We assume that the tcsh shell has been chosen for the new user. 1323 In the future a script will be written that installs these files on a per-user basis.</P 1324 ></DIV 1325 ></DIV 1326 ></DIV 1327 ></DIV 1328 ><DIV 1329 CLASS="NAVFOOTER" 1330 ><HR 1331 ALIGN="LEFT" 1332 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE 1333 WIDTH="100%" 1334 BORDER="0" 1335 CELLPADDING="0" 1336 CELLSPACING="0" 1337 ><TR 1338 ><TD 1339 WIDTH="33%" 1340 ALIGN="left" 1341 VALIGN="top" 1342 ><A 1343 HREF="x106.html" 1344 ><<< Previous</A 1345 ></TD 1346 ><TD 1347 WIDTH="34%" 1348 ALIGN="center" 1349 VALIGN="top" 1350 ><A 1351 HREF="tcshrc.html" 1352 >Home</A 1353 ></TD 1354 ><TD 1355 WIDTH="33%" 1356 ALIGN="right" 1357 VALIGN="top" 1358 > </TD 1359 ></TR 1360 ><TR 1361 ><TD 1362 WIDTH="33%" 1363 ALIGN="left" 1364 VALIGN="top" 1365 >I want to make a system installation</TD 1366 ><TD 1367 WIDTH="34%" 1368 ALIGN="center" 1369 VALIGN="top" 1370 > </TD 1371 ><TD 1372 WIDTH="33%" 1373 ALIGN="right" 1374 VALIGN="top" 1375 > </TD 1376 ></TR 1377 ></TABLE 1378 ></DIV 1379 ></BODY 1380 ></HTML 1381 >