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1 GNU Free Documentation License
2 Version 1.2, November 2002
3
4
5 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
6 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
7 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
8 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
9
10
11 0. PREAMBLE
12
13 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
14 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
15 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
16 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
17 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
18 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
19 for modifications made by others.
20
21 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
22 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
23 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
24 license designed for free software.
25
26 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
27 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
28 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
29 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
30 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
31 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
32 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
33
34
35 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
36
37 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
38 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
39 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
40 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
41 work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
42 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
43 licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
44 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
45 under copyright law.
46
47 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
48 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
49 modifications and/or translated into another language.
50
51 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
52 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
53 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
54 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
55 within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
56 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
57 mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
58 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
59 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
60 them.
61
62 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
63 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
64 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
65 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
66 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
67 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
68 Sections then there are none.
69
70 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
71 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
72 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
73 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
74
75 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
76 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
77 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
78 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
79 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
80 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
81 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
82 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
83 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
84 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
85 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
86 of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
87
88 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
89 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
90 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
91 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
92 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
93 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
94 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
95 processing tools are not generally available, and the
96 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
97 processors for output purposes only.
98
99 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
100 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
101 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
102 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
103 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
104 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
105
106 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
107 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
108 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
109 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
110 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
111 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
112 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
113
114 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
115 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
116 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
117 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
118 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
119 no effect on the meaning of this License.
120
121
122 2. VERBATIM COPYING
123
124 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
125 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
126 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
127 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
128 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
129 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
130 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
131 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
132 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
133
134 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
135 you may publicly display copies.
136
137
138 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
139
140 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
141 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
142 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
143 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
144 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
145 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
146 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
147 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
148 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
149 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
150 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
151 as verbatim copying in other respects.
152
153 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
154 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
155 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
156 pages.
157
158 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
159 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
160 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
161 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
162 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
163 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
164 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
165 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
166 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
167 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
168 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
169 edition to the public.
170
171 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
172 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
173 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
174
175
176 4. MODIFICATIONS
177
178 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
179 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
180 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
181 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
182 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
183 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
184
185 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
186 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
187 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
188 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
189 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
190 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
191 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
192 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
193 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
194 unless they release you from this requirement.
195 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
196 Modified Version, as the publisher.
197 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
198 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
199 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
200 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
201 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
202 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
203 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
204 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
205 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
206 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
207 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
208 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
209 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
210 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
211 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
212 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
213 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
214 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
215 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
216 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
217 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
218 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
219 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
220 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
221 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
222 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
223 and/or dedications given therein.
224 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
225 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
226 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
227 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
228 may not be included in the Modified Version.
229 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
230 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
231 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
232
233 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
234 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
235 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
236 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
237 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
238 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
239
240 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
241 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
242 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
243 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
244 standard.
245
246 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
247 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
248 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
249 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
250 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
251 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
252 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
253 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
254 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
255
256 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
257 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
258 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
259
260
261 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
262
263 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
264 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
265 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
266 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
267 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
268 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
269
270 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
271 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
272 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
273 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
274 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
275 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
276 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
277 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
278
279 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
280 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
281 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
282 and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
283 Entitled "Endorsements".
284
285
286 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
287
288 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
289 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
290 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
291 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
292 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
293
294 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
295 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
296 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
297 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
298
299
300 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
301
302 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
303 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
304 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
305 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
306 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
307 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
308 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
309 derivative works of the Document.
310
311 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
312 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
313 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
314 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
315 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
316 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
317 aggregate.
318
319
320 8. TRANSLATION
321
322 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
323 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
324 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
325 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
326 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
327 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
328 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
329 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
330 the original English version of this License and the original versions
331 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
332 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
333 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
334
335 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
336 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
337 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
338 title.
339
340
341 9. TERMINATION
342
343 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
344 as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
345 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
346 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
347 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
348 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
349 parties remain in full compliance.
350
351
352 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
353
354 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
355 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
356 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
357 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
358 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
359
360 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
361 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
362 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
363 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
364 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
365 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
366 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
367 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
368
369
370 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
371
372 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
373 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
374 license notices just after the title page:
375
376 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
377 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
378 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
379 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
380 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
381 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
382 Free Documentation License".
383
384 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
385 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
386
387 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
388 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
389
390 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
391 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
392 situation.
393
394 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
395 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
396 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
397 to permit their use in free software.