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1 /*
2 * sfdisk version 3.0 - aeb - 950813
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 1995 Andries E. Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
5 *
6 * This program is free software. You can redistribute it and/or
7 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
8 * as published by the Free Software Foundation: either Version 1
9 * or (at your option) any later version.
10 *
11 * A.V. Le Blanc (LeBlanc@mcc.ac.uk) wrote Linux fdisk 1992-1994,
12 * patched by various people (faith@cs.unc.edu, martin@cs.unc.edu,
13 * leisner@sdsp.mc.xerox.com, esr@snark.thyrsus.com, aeb@cwi.nl)
14 * 1993-1995, with version numbers (as far as I have seen) 0.93 - 2.0e.
15 * This program had (head,sector,cylinder) as basic unit, and was
16 * (therefore) broken in several ways for the use on larger disks -
17 * for example, my last patch (from 2.0d to 2.0e) was required
18 * to allow a partition to cross cylinder 8064, and to write an
19 * extended partition past the 4GB mark.
20 *
21 * The current program is a rewrite from scratch, and I started a
22 * version numbering at 3.0.
23 * Andries Brouwer, aeb@cwi.nl, 950813
24 *
25 * Well, a good user interface is still lacking. On the other hand,
26 * many configurations cannot be handled by any other fdisk.
27 * I changed the name to sfdisk to prevent confusion. - aeb, 970501
28 */
29
30 #define PROGNAME "sfdisk"
31 #define VERSION "3.07"
32 #define DATE "980518"
33
34 #include <stdio.h>
35 #include <stdlib.h> /* atoi, free */
36 #include <stdarg.h> /* varargs */
37 #include <unistd.h> /* read, write */
38 #include <fcntl.h> /* O_RDWR */
39 #include <errno.h> /* ERANGE */
40 #include <string.h> /* index() */
41 #include <ctype.h>
42 #include <getopt.h>
43 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
44 #include <sys/stat.h>
45 #include <linux/unistd.h> /* _syscall */
46 #include <linux/hdreg.h> /* HDIO_GETGEO */
47 #include <linux/fs.h> /* BLKGETSIZE */
48
49 #define SIZE(a) (sizeof(a)/sizeof(a[0]))
50
51 /*
52 * Table of contents:
53 * A. About seeking
54 * B. About sectors
55 * C. About heads, sectors and cylinders
56 * D. About system Ids
57 * E. About partitions
58 * F. The standard input
59 * G. The command line
60 * H. Listing the current situation
61 * I. Writing the new situation
62 */
63 int exit_status = 0;
64
65 int force = 0; /* 1: do what I say, even if it is stupid ... */
66 int quiet = 0; /* 1: suppress all warnings */
67 int Linux = 0; /* 1: suppress warnings irrelevant for Linux */
68 int DOS = 0; /* 1: shift extended partitions by #sectors, not 1 */
69 int dump = 0; /* 1: list in a format suitable for later input */
70 int verify = 0; /* 1: check that listed partition is reasonable */
71 int no_write = 0; /* 1: do not actually write to disk */
72 int no_reread = 0; /* 1: skip the BLKRRPART ioctl test at startup */
73 int leave_last = 0; /* 1: don't allocate the last cylinder */
74 int opt_list = 0;
75 char *save_sector_file = NULL;
76 char *restore_sector_file = NULL;
77
78 void
79 warn(char *s, ...) {
80 va_list p;
81
82 va_start(p, s);
83 fflush(stdout);
84 if (!quiet)
85 vfprintf (stderr, s, p);
86 va_end(p);
87 }
88
89 void
90 error(char *s, ...) {
91 va_list p;
92
93 va_start(p, s);
94 fflush(stdout);
95 fprintf(stderr, "\n" PROGNAME ": ");
96 vfprintf(stderr, s, p);
97 va_end(p);
98 }
99
100 void
101 fatal(char *s, ...) {
102 va_list p;
103
104 va_start(p, s);
105 fflush(stdout);
106 fprintf(stderr, "\n" PROGNAME ": ");
107 vfprintf(stderr, s, p);
108 va_end(p);
109 exit(1);
110 }
111
112 /*
113 * A. About seeking
114 */
115
116 /*
117 * sseek: seek to specified sector - return 0 on failure
118 *
119 * For >4GB disks lseek needs a > 32bit arg, and we have to use llseek.
120 * On the other hand, a 32 bit sector number is OK until 2TB.
121 * The routines _llseek and sseek below are the only ones that
122 * know about the loff_t type.
123 */
124 #ifndef __alpha__
125 static
126 _syscall5(int, _llseek, uint, fd, ulong, hi, ulong, lo,
127 loff_t *, res, uint, wh);
128 #endif
129
130 int
131 sseek(char *dev, unsigned int fd, unsigned long s) {
132 loff_t in, out;
133 in = ((loff_t) s << 9);
134 out = 1;
135
136 #ifndef __alpha__
137 if (_llseek (fd, in>>32, in & 0xffffffff, &out, SEEK_SET) != 0) {
138 #else
139 if ((out = lseek(fd, in, SEEK_SET)) != in) {
140 #endif
141 perror("llseek");
142 error("seek error on %s - cannot seek to %lu\n", dev, s);
143 return 0;
144 }
145
146 if (in != out) {
147 error("seek error: wanted 0x%08x%08x, got 0x%08x%08x\n",
148 (uint)(in>>32), (uint)(in & 0xffffffff),
149 (uint)(out>>32), (uint)(out & 0xffffffff));
150 return 0;
151 }
152 return 1;
153 }
154
155 /*
156 * B. About sectors
157 */
158
159 /*
160 * We preserve all sectors read in a chain - some of these will
161 * have to be modified and written back.
162 */
163 struct sector {
164 struct sector *next;
165 unsigned long sectornumber;
166 int to_be_written;
167 char data[512];
168 } *sectorhead;
169
170 void
171 free_sectors(void) {
172 struct sector *s;
173
174 while (sectorhead) {
175 s = sectorhead;
176 sectorhead = s->next;
177 free(s);
178 }
179 }
180
181 struct sector *
182 get_sector(char *dev, int fd, unsigned long sno) {
183 struct sector *s;
184
185 for(s = sectorhead; s; s = s->next)
186 if(s->sectornumber == sno)
187 return s;
188
189 if (!sseek(dev, fd, sno))
190 return 0;
191
192 if (!(s = (struct sector *) malloc(sizeof(struct sector))))
193 fatal("out of memory - giving up\n");
194
195 if (read(fd, s->data, sizeof(s->data)) != sizeof(s->data)) {
196 perror("read");
197 error("read error on %s - cannot read sector %lu\n", dev, sno);
198 free(s);
199 return 0;
200 }
201
202 s->next = sectorhead;
203 sectorhead = s;
204 s->sectornumber = sno;
205 s->to_be_written = 0;
206
207 return s;
208 }
209
210 int
211 msdos_signature (struct sector *s) {
212 if (*(unsigned short *) (s->data + 0x1fe) != 0xaa55) {
213 error("ERROR: sector %lu does not have an msdos signature\n",
214 s->sectornumber);
215 return 0;
216 }
217 return 1;
218 }
219
220 int
221 write_sectors(char *dev, int fd) {
222 struct sector *s;
223
224 for (s = sectorhead; s; s = s->next)
225 if (s->to_be_written) {
226 if (!sseek(dev, fd, s->sectornumber))
227 return 0;
228 if (write(fd, s->data, sizeof(s->data)) != sizeof(s->data)) {
229 perror("write");
230 error("write error on %s - cannot write sector %lu\n",
231 dev, s->sectornumber);
232 return 0;
233 }
234 s->to_be_written = 0;
235 }
236 return 1;
237 }
238
239 void
240 ulong_to_chars(unsigned long u, char *uu) {
241 int i;
242
243 for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
244 uu[i] = (u & 0xff);
245 u >>= 8;
246 }
247 }
248
249 unsigned long
250 chars_to_ulong(unsigned char *uu) {
251 int i;
252 unsigned long u = 0;
253
254 for(i=3; i>=0; i--)
255 u = (u << 8) | uu[i];
256 return u;
257 }
258
259 int
260 save_sectors(char *dev, int fdin) {
261 struct sector *s;
262 char ss[516];
263 int fdout;
264
265 fdout = open(save_sector_file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0444);
266 if (fdout < 0) {
267 perror(save_sector_file);
268 error("cannot open partition sector save file (%s)\n",
269 save_sector_file);
270 return 0;
271 }
272
273 for (s = sectorhead; s; s = s->next)
274 if (s->to_be_written) {
275 ulong_to_chars(s->sectornumber, ss);
276 if (!sseek(dev, fdin, s->sectornumber))
277 return 0;
278 if (read(fdin, ss+4, 512) != 512) {
279 perror("read");
280 error("read error on %s - cannot read sector %lu\n",
281 dev, s->sectornumber);
282 return 0;
283 }
284 if (write(fdout, ss, sizeof(ss)) != sizeof(ss)) {
285 perror("write");
286 error("write error on %s\n", save_sector_file);
287 return 0;
288 }
289 }
290 return 1;
291 }
292
293 void reread_disk_partition(char *dev, int fd);
294
295 int
296 restore_sectors(char *dev) {
297 int fdin, fdout, ct;
298 struct stat statbuf;
299 char *ss0, *ss;
300 unsigned long sno;
301
302 if (stat(restore_sector_file, &statbuf) < 0) {
303 perror(restore_sector_file);
304 error("cannot stat partition restore file (%s)\n",
305 restore_sector_file);
306 return 0;
307 }
308 if (statbuf.st_size % 516) {
309 error("partition restore file has wrong size - not restoring\n");
310 return 0;
311 }
312 if (!(ss = (char *) malloc(statbuf.st_size))) {
313 error("out of memory?\n");
314 return 0;
315 }
316 fdin = open(restore_sector_file, O_RDONLY);
317 if (fdin < 0) {
318 perror(restore_sector_file);
319 error("cannot open partition restore file (%s)\n",
320 restore_sector_file);
321 return 0;
322 }
323 if (read(fdin, ss, statbuf.st_size) != statbuf.st_size) {
324 perror("read");
325 error("error reading %s\n", restore_sector_file);
326 return 0;
327 }
328
329 fdout = open(dev, O_WRONLY);
330 if (fdout < 0) {
331 perror(dev);
332 error("cannot open device %s for writing\n", dev);
333 return 0;
334 }
335
336 ss0 = ss;
337 ct = statbuf.st_size/516;
338 while(ct--) {
339 sno = chars_to_ulong(ss);
340 if (!sseek(dev, fdout, sno))
341 return 0;
342 if (write(fdout, ss+4, 512) != 512) {
343 perror(dev);
344 error("error writing sector %lu on %s\n", sno, dev);
345 return 0;
346 }
347 ss += 516;
348 }
349 free(ss0);
350
351 reread_disk_partition(dev, fdout);
352
353 return 1;
354 }
355
356 /*
357 * C. About heads, sectors and cylinders
358 */
359
360 /*
361 * <linux/hdreg.h> defines HDIO_GETGEO and
362 * struct hd_geometry {
363 * unsigned char heads;
364 * unsigned char sectors;
365 * unsigned short cylinders;
366 * unsigned long start;
367 * };
368 */
369
370 unsigned long cylindersize;
371 unsigned long heads, sectors, cylinders;
372 unsigned long specified_heads, specified_sectors, specified_cylinders;
373
374 void
375 get_cylindersize(char *dev, int fd, int silent) {
376 struct hd_geometry g;
377 int ioctl_ok = 0;
378
379 heads = sectors = cylinders = 0;
380
381 if (!ioctl(fd, HDIO_GETGEO, &g)) {
382 ioctl_ok = 1;
383
384 heads = g.heads;
385 sectors = g.sectors;
386 cylinders = g.cylinders;
387 }
388
389 if (specified_heads)
390 heads = specified_heads;
391 if (specified_sectors)
392 sectors = specified_sectors;
393 if (specified_cylinders)
394 cylinders = specified_cylinders;
395
396 cylindersize = heads * sectors;
397
398 if (ioctl_ok) {
399 if (g.start && !force) {
400 warn(
401 "Warning: start=%d - this looks like a partition rather than\n"
402 "the entire disk. Using fdisk on it is probably meaningless.\n"
403 "[Use the --force option if you really want this]\n", g.start);
404 exit(1);
405 }
406 if (heads != g.heads)
407 warn("Warning: HDIO_GETGEO says that there are %d heads\n",
408 g.heads);
409 if (sectors != g.sectors)
410 warn("Warning: HDIO_GETGEO says that there are %d sectors\n",
411 g.sectors);
412 if (cylinders != g.cylinders)
413 warn("Warning: HDIO_GETGEO says that there are %d cylinders\n",
414 g.cylinders);
415 } else if (!silent)
416 if (!heads || !sectors || !cylinders)
417 printf("Disk %s: cannot get geometry\n", dev);
418 if (sectors > 63)
419 warn("Warning: unlikely number of sectors (%d) - usually at most 63\n"
420 "This will give problems with all software that uses C/H/S addressing.\n",
421 sectors);
422 if (!silent)
423 printf("\nDisk %s: %lu heads, %lu sectors, %lu cylinders\n",
424 dev, heads, sectors, cylinders);
425 }
426
427 typedef struct { unsigned char h,s,c; } chs; /* has some c bits in s */
428 chs zero_chs = { 0,0,0 };
429
430 typedef struct { unsigned long h,s,c; } longchs;
431 longchs zero_longchs;
432
433 chs
434 longchs_to_chs (longchs aa) {
435 chs a;
436
437 if (aa.h < 256 && aa.s < 64 && aa.c < 1024) {
438 a.h = aa.h;
439 a.s = aa.s | ((aa.c >> 2) & 0xc0);
440 a.c = (aa.c & 0xff);
441 } else if (heads && sectors) {
442 a.h = heads - 1;
443 a.s = sectors | 0xc0;
444 a.c = 0xff;
445 } else
446 a = zero_chs;
447 return a;
448 }
449
450 longchs
451 chs_to_longchs (chs a) {
452 longchs aa;
453
454 aa.h = a.h;
455 aa.s = (a.s & 0x3f);
456 aa.c = (a.s & 0xc0);
457 aa.c = (aa.c << 2) + a.c;
458 return aa;
459 }
460
461 longchs
462 ulong_to_longchs (unsigned long sno) {
463 longchs aa;
464
465 if (heads && sectors && cylindersize) {
466 aa.s = 1 + sno % sectors;
467 aa.h = (sno / sectors) % heads;
468 aa.c = sno / cylindersize;
469 return aa;
470 } else {
471 return zero_longchs;
472 }
473 }
474
475 unsigned long
476 longchs_to_ulong (longchs aa) {
477 return (aa.c*cylindersize + aa.h*sectors + aa.s - 1);
478 }
479
480 chs
481 ulong_to_chs (unsigned long sno) {
482 return longchs_to_chs(ulong_to_longchs(sno));
483 }
484
485 unsigned long
486 chs_to_ulong (chs a) {
487 return longchs_to_ulong(chs_to_longchs(a));
488 }
489
490 int
491 is_equal_chs (chs a, chs b) {
492 return (a.h == b.h && a.s == b.s && a.c == b.c);
493 }
494
495 int
496 chs_ok (chs a, char *v, char *w) {
497 longchs aa = chs_to_longchs(a);
498 int ret = 1;
499
500 if (is_equal_chs(a, zero_chs))
501 return 1;
502 if (heads && aa.h >= heads) {
503 warn("%s of partition %s has impossible value for head: "
504 "%d (should be in 0-%d)\n", w, v, aa.h, heads-1);
505 ret = 0;
506 }
507 if (sectors && (aa.s == 0 || aa.s > sectors)) {
508 warn("%s of partition %s has impossible value for sector: "
509 "%d (should be in 1-%d)\n", w, v, aa.s, sectors);
510 ret = 0;
511 }
512 if (cylinders && aa.c >= cylinders) {
513 warn("%s of partition %s has impossible value for cylinders: "
514 "%d (should be in 0-%d)\n", w, v, aa.c, cylinders-1);
515 ret = 0;
516 }
517 return ret;
518 }
519
520 /*
521 * D. About system Ids
522 */
523
524 #define EMPTY_PARTITION 0
525 #define EXTENDED_PARTITION 5
526 #define WIN98_EXTENDED 0x0f
527 #define DM6_AUX1PARTITION 0x51
528 #define DM6_AUX3PARTITION 0x53
529 #define DM6_PARTITION 0x54
530 #define EZD_PARTITION 0x55
531 #define LINUX_SWAP 0x82
532 #define LINUX_NATIVE 0x83
533 #define LINUX_EXTENDED 0x85
534 #define BSD_PARTITION 0xa5
535
536 /*
537 * List of system Id's, adapted from fdisk 2.0d and <linux/genhd.h>
538 * and SFS and several other sources.
539 */
540 struct systypes {
541 unsigned char type;
542 char *name;
543 } sys_types[] = {
544 {0, "Empty"},
545 {1, "DOS 12-bit FAT"}, /* Primary DOS with 12-bit FAT */
546 {2, "XENIX /"}, /* XENIX / filesystem */
547 {3, "XENIX /usr"}, /* XENIX /usr filesystem */
548 {4, "DOS 16-bit FAT <32M"}, /* Primary DOS with 16-bit FAT */
549 {5, "DOS Extended"}, /* DOS 3.3+ extended partition */
550 {6, "DOS 16-bit FAT >=32M"},
551 {7, "HPFS / NTFS"},
552 {8, "AIX boot or SplitDrive"},
553 {9, "AIX data or Coherent"},
554 {0x0a, "OS/2 Boot Manager"},
555 {0x0b, "Win95 FAT32"},
556 {0x0c, "Win95 FAT32 (LBA)"},
557 {0x0e, "Win95 FAT16 (LBA)"},
558 {0x0f, "Win95 Extended (LBA)"},
559 {0x10, "OPUS"},
560 {0x11, "Hidden DOS FAT12"},
561 {0x12, "Compaq diagnostics"},
562 {0x14, "Hidden DOS FAT16"},
563 {0x16, "Hidden DOS FAT16 (big)"},
564 {0x17, "Hidden HPFS/NTFS"},
565 {0x18, "AST Windows swapfile"},
566 {0x24, "NEC DOS"},
567 {0x3c, "PartitionMagic recovery"},
568 {0x40, "Venix 80286"},
569 {0x41, "Linux/MINIX (sharing disk with DRDOS)"},
570 {0x42, "SFS or Linux swap (sharing disk with DRDOS)"},
571 {0x43, "Linux native (sharing disk with DRDOS)"},
572 {0x50, "DM (disk manager)"},
573 {0x51, "DM6 Aux1 (or Novell)"},
574 {0x52, "CP/M or Microport SysV/AT"},
575 {0x53, "DM6 Aux3"},
576 {0x54, "DM6"},
577 {0x55, "EZ-Drive (disk manager)"},
578 {0x56, "Golden Bow (disk manager)"},
579 {0x5c, "Priam Edisk (disk manager)"},
580 {0x61, "SpeedStor"},
581 {0x63, "GNU HURD or Mach or Sys V/386 (such as ISC UNIX)"},
582 {0x64, "Novell Netware 286"},
583 {0x65, "Novell Netware 386"},
584 {0x70, "DiskSecure Multi-Boot"},
585 {0x75, "PC/IX"},
586 {0x77, "QNX4.x"},
587 {0x78, "QNX4.x 2nd part"},
588 {0x79, "QNX4.x 3rd part"},
589 {0x80, "MINIX until 1.4a"},
590 {0x81, "MINIX / old Linux"},
591 {0x82, "Linux swap"},
592 {0x83, "Linux native"},
593 {0x84, "OS/2 hidden C: drive"},
594 {0x85, "Linux extended"},
595 {0x86, "NTFS volume set"},
596 {0x87, "NTFS volume set"},
597 {0x93, "Amoeba"},
598 {0x94, "Amoeba BBT"}, /* (bad block table) */
599 {0xa0, "IBM Thinkpad hibernation"}, /* according to dan@fch.wimsey.bc.ca */
600 {0xa5, "BSD/386"}, /* 386BSD */
601 {0xa7, "NeXTSTEP 486"},
602 {0xb7, "BSDI fs"},
603 {0xb8, "BSDI swap"},
604 {0xc1, "DRDOS/sec (FAT-12)"},
605 {0xc4, "DRDOS/sec (FAT-16, < 32M)"},
606 {0xc6, "DRDOS/sec (FAT-16, >= 32M)"},
607 {0xc7, "Syrinx"},
608 {0xdb, "CP/M or Concurrent CP/M or Concurrent DOS or CTOS"},
609 {0xe1, "DOS access or SpeedStor 12-bit FAT extended partition"},
610 {0xe3, "DOS R/O or SpeedStor"},
611 {0xe4, "SpeedStor 16-bit FAT extended partition < 1024 cyl."},
612 {0xf1, "SpeedStor"},
613 {0xf2, "DOS 3.3+ secondary"},
614 {0xf4, "SpeedStor large partition"},
615 {0xfe, "SpeedStor >1024 cyl. or LANstep"},
616 {0xff, "Xenix Bad Block Table"}
617 };
618
619
620 const char *
621 sysname(unsigned char type) {
622 struct systypes *s;
623
624 for (s = sys_types; s - sys_types < SIZE(sys_types); s++)
625 if (s->type == type)
626 return s->name;
627 return "Unknown";
628 }
629
630 void
631 list_types(void) {
632 struct systypes *s;
633
634 printf("Id Name\n\n");
635 for (s = sys_types; s - sys_types < SIZE(sys_types); s++)
636 printf("%2x %s\n", s->type, s->name);
637 }
638
639 int
640 is_extended(unsigned char type) {
641 return (type == EXTENDED_PARTITION
642 || type == LINUX_EXTENDED
643 || type == WIN98_EXTENDED);
644 }
645
646 int
647 is_bsd(unsigned char type) {
648 return (type == BSD_PARTITION);
649 }
650
651 /*
652 * E. About partitions
653 */
654
655 /* MS/DOS partition */
656
657 struct partition {
658 unsigned char bootable; /* 0 or 0x80 */
659 chs begin_chs;
660 unsigned char sys_type;
661 chs end_chs;
662 unsigned int start_sect; /* starting sector counting from 0 */
663 unsigned int nr_sects; /* nr of sectors in partition */
664 };
665
666 /* Unfortunately, partitions are not aligned, and non-Intel machines
667 are unhappy with non-aligned integers. So, we need a copy by hand. */
668 int
669 copy_to_int(unsigned char *cp) {
670 unsigned int m;
671
672 m = *cp++;
673 m += (*cp++ << 8);
674 m += (*cp++ << 16);
675 m += (*cp++ << 24);
676 return m;
677 }
678
679 void
680 copy_from_int(int m, char *cp) {
681 *cp++ = (m & 0xff); m >>= 8;
682 *cp++ = (m & 0xff); m >>= 8;
683 *cp++ = (m & 0xff); m >>= 8;
684 *cp++ = (m & 0xff);
685 }
686
687 void
688 copy_to_part(char *cp, struct partition *p) {
689 p->bootable = *cp++;
690 p->begin_chs.h = *cp++;
691 p->begin_chs.s = *cp++;
692 p->begin_chs.c = *cp++;
693 p->sys_type = *cp++;
694 p->end_chs.h = *cp++;
695 p->end_chs.s = *cp++;
696 p->end_chs.c = *cp++;
697 p->start_sect = copy_to_int(cp);
698 p->nr_sects = copy_to_int(cp+4);
699 }
700
701 void
702 copy_from_part(struct partition *p, char *cp) {
703 *cp++ = p->bootable;
704 *cp++ = p->begin_chs.h;
705 *cp++ = p->begin_chs.s;
706 *cp++ = p->begin_chs.c;
707 *cp++ = p->sys_type;
708 *cp++ = p->end_chs.h;
709 *cp++ = p->end_chs.s;
710 *cp++ = p->end_chs.c;
711 copy_from_int(p->start_sect, cp);
712 copy_from_int(p->nr_sects, cp+4);
713 }
714
715 /* Roughly speaking, Linux doesn't use any of the above fields except
716 for partition type, start sector and number of sectors. (However,
717 see also linux/drivers/scsi/fdomain.c.)
718 The only way partition type is used (in the kernel) is the comparison
719 for equality with EXTENDED_PARTITION (and these Disk Manager types). */
720
721 struct part_desc {
722 unsigned long start;
723 unsigned long size;
724 unsigned long sector, offset; /* disk location of this info */
725 struct partition p;
726 struct part_desc *ep; /* extended partition containing this one */
727 int ptype;
728 #define DOS_TYPE 0
729 #define BSD_TYPE 1
730 } zero_part_desc;
731
732 struct part_desc *
733 outer_extended_partition(struct part_desc *p) {
734 while (p->ep)
735 p = p->ep;
736 return p;
737 }
738
739 int
740 is_parent(struct part_desc *pp, struct part_desc *p) {
741 while (p) {
742 if (pp == p)
743 return 1;
744 p = p->ep;
745 }
746 return 0;
747 }
748
749 struct disk_desc {
750 struct part_desc partitions[128];
751 int partno;
752 } oldp, newp;
753
754 /* determine where on the disk this information goes */
755 void
756 add_sector_and_offset(struct disk_desc *z) {
757 int pno;
758 struct part_desc *p;
759
760 for (pno = 0; pno < z->partno; pno++) {
761 p = &(z->partitions[pno]);
762 p->offset = 0x1be + (pno%4)*sizeof(struct partition);
763 p->sector = (p->ep ? p->ep->start : 0);
764 }
765 }
766
767 /* tell the kernel to reread the partition tables */
768 int reread_ioctl(int fd) {
769 if(ioctl(fd, BLKRRPART)) {
770 perror("BLKRRPART");
771 return -1;
772 }
773 return 0;
774 }
775
776 /* reread after writing */
777 void
778 reread_disk_partition(char *dev, int fd) {
779 printf("Re-reading the partition table ...\n");
780 fflush(stdout);
781 sync();
782 sleep(3); /* superfluous since 1.3.20 */
783
784 if(reread_ioctl(fd))
785 printf("The command to re-read the partition table failed\n"
786 "Reboot your system now, before using mkfs\n");
787
788 if (close(fd)) {
789 perror(dev);
790 printf("Error closing %s\n", dev);
791 }
792 printf("\n");
793 }
794
795 /* find Linux name of this partition, assuming that it will have a name */
796 int
797 index_to_linux(int pno, struct disk_desc *z) {
798 int i, ct = 1;
799 struct part_desc *p = &(z->partitions[0]);
800 for (i=0; i<pno; i++,p++)
801 if(i < 4 || (p->size > 0 && !is_extended(p->p.sys_type)))
802 ct++;
803 return ct;
804 }
805
806 int
807 linux_to_index(int lpno, struct disk_desc *z) {
808 int i, ct = 0;
809 struct part_desc *p = &(z->partitions[0]);
810 for (i=0; i<z->partno && ct < lpno; i++,p++)
811 if((i < 4 || (p->size > 0 && !is_extended(p->p.sys_type)))
812 && ++ct == lpno)
813 return i;
814 return -1;
815 }
816
817 int
818 asc_to_index(char *pnam, struct disk_desc *z) {
819 int pnum, pno;
820
821 if (*pnam == '#') {
822 pno = atoi(pnam+1);
823 } else {
824 pnum = atoi(pnam);
825 pno = linux_to_index(pnum, z);
826 }
827 if (!(pno >= 0 && pno < z->partno))
828 fatal("%s: no such partition\n", pnam);
829 return pno;
830 }
831
832 /*
833 * List partitions - in terms of sectors, blocks or cylinders
834 */
835 #define F_SECTOR 1
836 #define F_BLOCK 2
837 #define F_CYLINDER 3
838 #define F_MEGABYTE 4
839
840 int default_format = F_MEGABYTE;
841 int specified_format = 0;
842 int show_extended = 0;
843 int one_only = 0;
844 int one_only_pno;
845 int increment = 0;
846
847 void
848 set_format(char c) {
849 switch(c) {
850 default:
851 printf("unrecognized format - using sectors\n");
852 case 'S': specified_format = F_SECTOR; break;
853 case 'B': specified_format = F_BLOCK; break;
854 case 'C': specified_format = F_CYLINDER; break;
855 case 'M': specified_format = F_MEGABYTE; break;
856 }
857 }
858
859 unsigned long
860 unitsize(int format) {
861 default_format = (cylindersize ? F_CYLINDER : F_MEGABYTE);
862 if (!format && !(format = specified_format))
863 format = default_format;
864
865 switch(format) {
866 default:
867 case F_CYLINDER:
868 if(cylindersize) return cylindersize;
869 case F_SECTOR:
870 return 1;
871 case F_BLOCK:
872 return 2;
873 case F_MEGABYTE:
874 return 2048;
875 }
876 }
877
878 unsigned long
879 get_disksize(int format) {
880 unsigned long cs = cylinders;
881 if (cs && leave_last)
882 cs--;
883 return (cs * cylindersize) / unitsize(format);
884 }
885
886 void
887 out_partition_header(char *dev, int format) {
888 if (dump) {
889 printf("# partition table of %s\n", dev);
890 printf("unit: sectors\n\n");
891 return;
892 }
893
894 default_format = (cylindersize ? F_CYLINDER : F_MEGABYTE);
895 if (!format && !(format = specified_format))
896 format = default_format;
897
898 switch(format) {
899 default:
900 printf("unimplemented format - using %s\n",
901 cylindersize ? "cylinders" : "sectors");
902 case F_CYLINDER:
903 if (cylindersize) {
904 printf("Units = cylinders of %lu bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes"
905 ", counting from %d\n\n",
906 cylindersize<<9, increment);
907 printf(" Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System\n");
908 break;
909 }
910 /* fall through */
911 case F_SECTOR:
912 printf("Units = sectors of 512 bytes, counting from %d\n\n",
913 increment);
914 printf(" Device Boot Start End #sectors Id System\n");
915 break;
916 case F_BLOCK:
917 printf("Units = blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from %d\n\n",
918 increment);
919 printf(" Device Boot Start End #blocks Id System\n");
920 break;
921 case F_MEGABYTE:
922 printf("Units = megabytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes"
923 ", counting from %d\n\n", increment);
924 printf(" Device Boot Start End MB #blocks Id System\n");
925 break;
926 }
927 }
928
929 static void
930 out_rounddown(int width, unsigned long n, unsigned long unit, int inc) {
931 printf("%*lu", width, inc + n/unit);
932 if (unit != 1)
933 putchar((n % unit) ? '+' : ' ');
934 putchar(' ');
935 }
936
937 static void
938 out_roundup(int width, unsigned long n, unsigned long unit, int inc) {
939 if (n == (unsigned long)(-1))
940 printf("%*s", width, "-");
941 else
942 printf("%*lu", width, inc + n/unit);
943 if (unit != 1)
944 putchar(((n+1) % unit) ? '-' : ' ');
945 putchar(' ');
946 }
947
948 static void
949 out_roundup_size(int width, unsigned long n, unsigned long unit) {
950 printf("%*lu", width, (n+unit-1)/unit);
951 if (unit != 1)
952 putchar((n % unit) ? '-' : ' ');
953 putchar(' ');
954 }
955
956 void
957 out_partition(char *dev, int format, struct part_desc *p, struct disk_desc *z) {
958 unsigned long start, end, size;
959 int pno, lpno;
960
961 if (!format && !(format = specified_format))
962 format = default_format;
963
964 pno = p - &(z->partitions[0]); /* our index */
965 lpno = index_to_linux(pno, z); /* name of next one that has a name */
966 if(pno == linux_to_index(lpno, z)) /* was that us? */
967 printf("%8s%-2u", dev, lpno); /* yes */
968 else if(show_extended)
969 printf(" - ");
970 else
971 return;
972 putchar(dump ? ':' : ' ');
973
974 start = p->start;
975 end = p->start + p->size - 1;
976 size = p->size;
977
978 if (dump) {
979 printf(" start=%9lu", start);
980 printf(", size=%8lu", size);
981 if (p->ptype == DOS_TYPE) {
982 printf(", Id=%2x", p->p.sys_type);
983 if (p->p.bootable == 0x80)
984 printf(", bootable");
985 }
986 printf("\n");
987 return;
988 }
989
990 if(p->ptype != DOS_TYPE || p->p.bootable == 0)
991 printf(" ");
992 else if(p->p.bootable == 0x80)
993 printf(" * ");
994 else
995 printf(" ? "); /* garbage */
996
997 switch(format) {
998 case F_CYLINDER:
999 if (cylindersize) {
1000 out_rounddown(6, start, cylindersize, increment);
1001 out_roundup(6, end, cylindersize, increment);
1002 out_roundup_size(6, size, cylindersize);
1003 out_rounddown(8, size, 2, 0);
1004 break;
1005 }
1006 /* fall through */
1007 default:
1008 case F_SECTOR:
1009 out_rounddown(9, start, 1, increment);
1010 out_roundup(9, end, 1, increment);
1011 out_rounddown(9, size, 1, 0);
1012 break;
1013 case F_BLOCK:
1014 #if 0
1015 printf("%8lu,%3lu ",
1016 p->sector/2, ((p->sector & 1) ? 512 : 0) + p->offset);
1017 #endif
1018 out_rounddown(8, start, 2, increment);
1019 out_roundup(8, end, 2, increment);
1020 out_rounddown(8, size, 2, 0);
1021 break;
1022 case F_MEGABYTE:
1023 out_rounddown(5, start, 2048, increment);
1024 out_roundup(5, end, 2048, increment);
1025 out_roundup_size(5, size, 2048);
1026 out_rounddown(8, size, 2, 0);
1027 break;
1028 }
1029 if (p->ptype == DOS_TYPE) {
1030 printf(" %2x %s\n",
1031 p->p.sys_type, sysname(p->p.sys_type));
1032 } else {
1033 printf("\n");
1034 }
1035
1036 /* Is chs as we expect? */
1037 if (!quiet && p->ptype == DOS_TYPE) {
1038 chs a, b;
1039 longchs aa, bb;
1040 a = (size ? ulong_to_chs(start) : zero_chs);
1041 b = p->p.begin_chs;
1042 aa = chs_to_longchs(a);
1043 bb = chs_to_longchs(b);
1044 if(a.s && !is_equal_chs(a, b))
1045 printf("\t\tstart: (c,h,s) expected (%ld,%ld,%ld) found (%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
1046 aa.c, aa.h, aa.s, bb.c, bb.h, bb.s);
1047 a = (size ? ulong_to_chs(end) : zero_chs);
1048 b = p->p.end_chs;
1049 aa = chs_to_longchs(a);
1050 bb = chs_to_longchs(b);
1051 if(a.s && !is_equal_chs(a, b))
1052 printf("\t\tend: (c,h,s) expected (%ld,%ld,%ld) found (%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
1053 aa.c, aa.h, aa.s, bb.c, bb.h, bb.s);
1054 if(cylinders && cylinders < 1024 && bb.c > cylinders)
1055 printf("partition ends on cylinder %ld, beyond the end of the disk\n",
1056 bb.c);
1057 }
1058 }
1059
1060 void
1061 out_partitions(char *dev, struct disk_desc *z) {
1062 int pno, format = 0;
1063
1064 if (z->partno == 0)
1065 printf("No partitions found\n");
1066 else {
1067 out_partition_header(dev, format);
1068 for(pno=0; pno < z->partno; pno++) {
1069 out_partition(dev, format, &(z->partitions[pno]), z);
1070 if(show_extended && pno%4==3)
1071 printf("\n");
1072 }
1073 }
1074 }
1075
1076 static int
1077 disj(struct part_desc *p, struct part_desc *q) {
1078 return
1079 ((p->start + p->size <= q->start)
1080 || (is_extended(p->p.sys_type)
1081 && q->start + q->size <= p->start + p->size));
1082 }
1083
1084 char *
1085 pnumber(struct part_desc *p, struct disk_desc *z) {
1086 static char buf[20];
1087 int this, next;
1088 struct part_desc *p0 = &(z->partitions[0]);
1089
1090 this = index_to_linux(p-p0, z);
1091 next = index_to_linux(p-p0+1, z);
1092
1093 if (next > this)
1094 sprintf(buf, "%d", this);
1095 else
1096 sprintf(buf, "[%d]", this);
1097 return buf;
1098 }
1099
1100 int
1101 partitions_ok(struct disk_desc *z) {
1102 struct part_desc *partitions = &(z->partitions[0]), *p, *q;
1103 int partno = z->partno;
1104
1105 #define PNO(p) pnumber(p, z)
1106
1107 /* Have at least 4 partitions been defined? */
1108 if (partno < 4) {
1109 if (!partno)
1110 fatal("no partition table present.\n");
1111 else
1112 fatal("strange, only %d partitions defined.\n", partno);
1113 return 0;
1114 }
1115
1116 /* Are the partitions of size 0 marked empty?
1117 And do they have start = 0? And bootable = 0? */
1118 for (p = partitions; p - partitions < partno; p++)
1119 if (p->size == 0) {
1120 if(p->p.sys_type != EMPTY_PARTITION)
1121 warn("Warning: partition %s has size 0 but is not marked Empty\n",
1122 PNO(p));
1123 else if(p->p.bootable != 0)
1124 warn("Warning: partition %s has size 0 and is bootable\n",
1125 PNO(p));
1126 else if(p->p.start_sect != 0)
1127 warn("Warning: partition %s has size 0 and nonzero start\n",
1128 PNO(p));
1129 /* all this is probably harmless, no error return */
1130 }
1131
1132 /* Are the logical partitions contained in their extended partitions? */
1133 for (p = partitions+4; p < partitions+partno; p++)
1134 if (p->ptype == DOS_TYPE)
1135 if (p->size && !is_extended(p->p.sys_type)) {
1136 q = p->ep;
1137 if (p->start < q->start || p->start + p->size > q->start + q->size) {
1138 warn("Warning: partition %s ", PNO(p));
1139 warn("is not contained in partition %s\n", PNO(q));
1140 return 0;
1141 }
1142 }
1143
1144 /* Are the data partitions mutually disjoint? */
1145 for (p = partitions; p < partitions+partno; p++)
1146 if (p->size && !is_extended(p->p.sys_type))
1147 for (q = p+1; q < partitions+partno; q++)
1148 if (q->size && !is_extended(q->p.sys_type))
1149 if(!((p->start > q-> start) ? disj(q,p) : disj(p,q))) {
1150 warn("Warning: partitions %s ", PNO(p));
1151 warn("and %s overlap\n", PNO(q));
1152 return 0;
1153 }
1154
1155 /* Are the data partitions and the extended partition
1156 table sectors disjoint? */
1157 for (p = partitions; p < partitions+partno; p++)
1158 if (p->size && !is_extended(p->p.sys_type))
1159 for (q = partitions; q < partitions+partno; q++)
1160 if (is_extended(q->p.sys_type))
1161 if (p->start <= q->start && p->start + p->size > q->start) {
1162 warn("Warning: partition %s contains part of ", PNO(p));
1163 warn("the partition table (sector %lu),\n", q->start);
1164 warn("and will destroy it when filled\n");
1165 return 0;
1166 }
1167
1168 /* Do they start past zero and end before end-of-disk? */
1169 { unsigned long ds = get_disksize(F_SECTOR);
1170 for (p = partitions; p < partitions+partno; p++)
1171 if (p->size) {
1172 if(p->start == 0) {
1173 warn("Warning: partition %s starts at sector 0\n", PNO(p));
1174 return 0;
1175 }
1176 if (p->size && p->start + p->size > ds) {
1177 warn("Warning: partition %s extends past end of disk\n", PNO(p));
1178 return 0;
1179 }
1180 }
1181 }
1182
1183 /* At most one chain of DOS extended partitions ? */
1184 /* It seems that the OS/2 fdisk has the additional requirement
1185 that the extended partition must be the fourth one */
1186 { int ect = 0;
1187 for (p = partitions; p < partitions+4; p++)
1188 if (p->p.sys_type == EXTENDED_PARTITION)
1189 ect++;
1190 if (ect > 1 && !Linux) {
1191 warn("Among the primary partitions, at most one can be extended\n");
1192 warn(" (although this is not a problem under Linux)\n");
1193 return 0;
1194 }
1195 }
1196
1197 /*
1198 * Do all partitions start at a cylinder boundary ?
1199 * (this is not required for Linux)
1200 * The first partition starts after MBR.
1201 * Logical partitions start slightly after the containing extended partn.
1202 */
1203 if (cylindersize) {
1204 for(p = partitions; p < partitions+partno; p++)
1205 if (p->size) {
1206 if(p->start % cylindersize != 0
1207 && (!p->ep || p->start / cylindersize != p->ep->start / cylindersize)
1208 && (p->p.start_sect >= cylindersize)) {
1209 warn("Warning: partition %s does not start "
1210 "at a cylinder boundary\n", PNO(p));
1211 if (!Linux)
1212 return 0;
1213 }
1214 if((p->start + p->size) % cylindersize) {
1215 warn("Warning: partition %s does not end "
1216 "at a cylinder boundary\n", PNO(p));
1217 if (!Linux)
1218 return 0;
1219 }
1220 }
1221 }
1222
1223 /* Usually, one can boot only from primary partitions. */
1224 /* In fact, from a unique one only. */
1225 /* do not warn about bootable extended partitions -
1226 often LILO is there */
1227 { int pno = -1;
1228 for(p = partitions; p < partitions+partno; p++)
1229 if (p->p.bootable) {
1230 if (pno == -1)
1231 pno = p - partitions;
1232 else if (p - partitions < 4) {
1233 warn("Warning: more than one primary partition is marked "
1234 "bootable (active)\n"
1235 "This does not matter for LILO, but the DOS MBR will "
1236 "not boot this disk.\n");
1237 break;
1238 }
1239 if (p - partitions >= 4) {
1240 warn("Warning: usually one can boot from primary partitions "
1241 "only\n" "LILO disregards the `bootable' flag.\n");
1242 break;
1243 }
1244 }
1245 if (pno == -1 || pno >= 4)
1246 warn("Warning: no primary partition is marked bootable (active)\n"
1247 "This does not matter for LILO, but the DOS MBR will "
1248 "not boot this disk.\n");
1249 }
1250
1251 /* Is chs as we expect? */
1252 for(p = partitions; p < partitions+partno; p++)
1253 if(p->ptype == DOS_TYPE) {
1254 chs a, b;
1255 longchs aa, bb;
1256 a = p->size ? ulong_to_chs(p->start) : zero_chs;
1257 b = p->p.begin_chs;
1258 aa = chs_to_longchs(a);
1259 bb = chs_to_longchs(b);
1260 if (!chs_ok(b, PNO(p), "start"))
1261 return 0;
1262 if(a.s && !is_equal_chs(a, b))
1263 warn("partition %s: start: (c,h,s) expected (%ld,%ld,%ld) found (%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
1264 PNO(p), aa.c, aa.h, aa.s, bb.c, bb.h, bb.s);
1265 a = p->size ? ulong_to_chs(p->start + p->size - 1) : zero_chs;
1266 b = p->p.end_chs;
1267 aa = chs_to_longchs(a);
1268 bb = chs_to_longchs(b);
1269 if (!chs_ok(b, PNO(p), "end"))
1270 return 0;
1271 if(a.s && !is_equal_chs(a, b))
1272 warn("partition %s: end: (c,h,s) expected (%ld,%ld,%ld) found (%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
1273 PNO(p), aa.c, aa.h, aa.s, bb.c, bb.h, bb.s);
1274 if(cylinders && cylinders < 1024 && bb.c > cylinders)
1275 warn("partition %s ends on cylinder %ld, beyond the end of the disk\n",
1276 PNO(p), bb.c);
1277 }
1278
1279 return 1;
1280
1281 #undef PNO
1282 }
1283
1284 static void
1285 extended_partition(char *dev, int fd, struct part_desc *ep, struct disk_desc *z) {
1286 char *cp;
1287 struct sector *s;
1288 unsigned long start, here, next;
1289 int i, moretodo = 1;
1290 struct partition p;
1291 struct part_desc *partitions = &(z->partitions[0]);
1292 int pno = z->partno;
1293
1294 here = start = ep->start;
1295
1296 while (moretodo) {
1297 moretodo = 0;
1298
1299 if (!(s = get_sector(dev, fd, here)))
1300 break;
1301
1302 if (!msdos_signature(s))
1303 break;
1304
1305 cp = s->data + 0x1be;
1306
1307 if (pno+4 >= SIZE(z->partitions)) {
1308 printf("too many partitions - ignoring those past nr (%d)\n",
1309 pno-1);
1310 break;
1311 }
1312
1313 next = 0;
1314
1315 for (i=0; i<4; i++,cp += sizeof(struct partition)) {
1316 partitions[pno].sector = here;
1317 partitions[pno].offset = cp - s->data;
1318 partitions[pno].ep = ep;
1319 copy_to_part(cp,&p);
1320 if (is_extended(p.sys_type)) {
1321 if (next)
1322 printf("tree of partitions?\n");
1323 partitions[pno].start = next = start + p.start_sect;
1324 moretodo = 1;
1325 } else {
1326 partitions[pno].start = here + p.start_sect;
1327 }
1328 partitions[pno].size = p.nr_sects;
1329 partitions[pno].ptype = DOS_TYPE;
1330 partitions[pno].p = p;
1331 pno++;
1332 }
1333 here = next;
1334 }
1335
1336 z->partno = pno;
1337 }
1338
1339 #define BSD_DISKMAGIC (0x82564557UL)
1340 #define BSD_MAXPARTITIONS 8
1341 #define BSD_FS_UNUSED 0
1342 typedef unsigned char u8;
1343 typedef unsigned short u16;
1344 typedef unsigned int u32;
1345 struct bsd_disklabel {
1346 u32 d_magic;
1347 char d_junk1[4];
1348 char d_typename[16];
1349 char d_packname[16];
1350 char d_junk2[92];
1351 u32 d_magic2;
1352 char d_junk3[2];
1353 u16 d_npartitions; /* number of partitions in following */
1354 char d_junk4[8];
1355 struct bsd_partition { /* the partition table */
1356 u32 p_size; /* number of sectors in partition */
1357 u32 p_offset; /* starting sector */
1358 u32 p_fsize; /* filesystem basic fragment size */
1359 u8 p_fstype; /* filesystem type, see below */
1360 u8 p_frag; /* filesystem fragments per block */
1361 u16 p_cpg; /* filesystem cylinders per group */
1362 } d_partitions[BSD_MAXPARTITIONS]; /* actually may be more */
1363 };
1364
1365 static void
1366 bsd_partition(char *dev, int fd, struct part_desc *ep, struct disk_desc *z) {
1367 struct bsd_disklabel *l;
1368 struct bsd_partition *bp, *bp0;
1369 unsigned long start = ep->start;
1370 struct sector *s;
1371 struct part_desc *partitions = &(z->partitions[0]);
1372 int pno = z->partno;
1373
1374 if (!(s = get_sector(dev,fd,start+1)))
1375 return;
1376 l = (struct bsd_disklabel *) (s->data);
1377 if (l->d_magic != BSD_DISKMAGIC)
1378 return;
1379
1380 bp = bp0 = &l->d_partitions[0];
1381 while (bp - bp0 <= BSD_MAXPARTITIONS) {
1382 if (pno+1 >= SIZE(z->partitions)) {
1383 printf("too many partitions - ignoring those "
1384 "past nr (%d)\n", pno-1);
1385 break;
1386 }
1387 if (bp->p_fstype != BSD_FS_UNUSED) {
1388 partitions[pno].start = bp->p_offset;
1389 partitions[pno].size = bp->p_size;
1390 partitions[pno].sector = start+1;
1391 partitions[pno].offset = (char *)bp - (char *)bp0;
1392 partitions[pno].ep = 0;
1393 partitions[pno].ptype = BSD_TYPE;
1394 pno++;
1395 }
1396 bp++;
1397 }
1398 z->partno = pno;
1399 }
1400
1401 static int
1402 msdos_partition(char *dev, int fd, unsigned long start, struct disk_desc *z) {
1403 int i;
1404 char *cp;
1405 struct partition pt;
1406 struct sector *s;
1407 struct part_desc *partitions = &(z->partitions[0]);
1408 int pno = z->partno;
1409
1410 if (!(s = get_sector(dev, fd, start)))
1411 return 0;
1412
1413 if (!msdos_signature(s))
1414 return 0;
1415
1416 cp = s->data + 0x1be;
1417 copy_to_part(cp,&pt);
1418
1419 /* If I am not mistaken, recent kernels will hide this from us,
1420 so we will never actually see traces of a Disk Manager */
1421 if (pt.sys_type == DM6_PARTITION
1422 || pt.sys_type == EZD_PARTITION
1423 || pt.sys_type == DM6_AUX1PARTITION
1424 || pt.sys_type == DM6_AUX3PARTITION) {
1425 printf("detected Disk Manager - unable to handle that\n");
1426 return 0;
1427 }
1428 { unsigned int sig = *(unsigned short *)(s->data + 2);
1429 if (sig <= 0x1ae
1430 && *(unsigned short *)(s->data + sig) == 0x55aa
1431 && (1 & *(unsigned char *)(s->data + sig + 2))) {
1432 printf("DM6 signature found - giving up\n");
1433 return 0;
1434 }
1435 }
1436
1437 for (pno=0; pno<4; pno++,cp += sizeof(struct partition)) {
1438 partitions[pno].sector = start;
1439 partitions[pno].offset = cp - s->data;
1440 copy_to_part(cp,&pt);
1441 partitions[pno].start = start + pt.start_sect;
1442 partitions[pno].size = pt.nr_sects;
1443 partitions[pno].ep = 0;
1444 partitions[pno].p = pt;
1445 }
1446
1447 z->partno = pno;
1448
1449 for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
1450 if (is_extended(partitions[i].p.sys_type)) {
1451 if (!partitions[i].size) {
1452 printf("strange..., an extended partition of size 0?\n");
1453 continue;
1454 }
1455 extended_partition(dev, fd, &partitions[i], z);
1456 }
1457 if (is_bsd(partitions[i].p.sys_type)) {
1458 if (!partitions[i].size) {
1459 printf("strange..., a BSD partition of size 0?\n");
1460 continue;
1461 }
1462 bsd_partition(dev, fd, &partitions[i], z);
1463 }
1464 }
1465 return 1;
1466 }
1467
1468 static int
1469 osf_partition(char *dev, int fd, unsigned long start, struct disk_desc *z) {
1470 return 0;
1471 }
1472
1473 static int
1474 sun_partition(char *dev, int fd, unsigned long start, struct disk_desc *z) {
1475 return 0;
1476 }
1477
1478 static int
1479 amiga_partition(char *dev, int fd, unsigned long start, struct disk_desc *z) {
1480 return 0;
1481 }
1482
1483 void
1484 get_partitions(char *dev, int fd, struct disk_desc *z) {
1485 z->partno = 0;
1486
1487 if (!msdos_partition(dev, fd, 0, z)
1488 && !osf_partition(dev, fd, 0, z)
1489 && !sun_partition(dev, fd, 0, z)
1490 && !amiga_partition(dev, fd, 0, z)) {
1491 printf(" %s: unrecognized partition\n", dev);
1492 return;
1493 }
1494 }
1495
1496 int
1497 write_partitions(char *dev, int fd, struct disk_desc *z) {
1498 struct sector *s;
1499 struct part_desc *partitions = &(z->partitions[0]), *p;
1500 int pno = z->partno;
1501
1502 if (no_write) {
1503 printf("-n flag was given: Nothing changed\n");
1504 exit(0);
1505 }
1506
1507 for (p = partitions; p < partitions+pno; p++) {
1508 s = get_sector(dev, fd, p->sector);
1509 if (!s) return 0;
1510 s->to_be_written = 1;
1511 copy_from_part(&(p->p), s->data + p->offset);
1512 *(unsigned short *)(&(s->data[0x1fe])) = 0xaa55;
1513 }
1514 if (save_sector_file) {
1515 if (!save_sectors(dev, fd)) {
1516 fatal("Failed saving the old sectors - aborting\n");
1517 return 0;
1518 }
1519 }
1520 if (!write_sectors(dev, fd)) {
1521 error("Failed writing the partition on %s\n", dev);
1522 return 0;
1523 }
1524 return 1;
1525 }
1526
1527 /*
1528 * F. The standard input
1529 */
1530
1531 /*
1532 * Input format:
1533 * <start> <size> <type> <bootable> <c,h,s> <c,h,s>
1534 * Fields are separated by whitespace or comma or semicolon possibly
1535 * followed by whitespace; initial and trailing whitespace is ignored.
1536 * Numbers can be octal, decimal or hexadecimal, decimal is default
1537 * The <c,h,s> parts can (and probably should) be omitted.
1538 * Bootable is specified as [*|-], with as default not-bootable.
1539 * Type is given in hex, without the 0x prefix, or is [E|S|L|X], where
1540 * L (LINUX_NATIVE (83)) is the default, S is LINUX_SWAP (82), and E
1541 * is EXTENDED_PARTITION (5), X is LINUX_EXTENDED (85).
1542 * The default value of start is the first nonassigned sector/cylinder/...
1543 * The default value of size is as much as possible (until next
1544 * partition or end-of-disk).
1545 * .: end of chain of extended partitions.
1546 *
1547 * On interactive input an empty line means: all defaults.
1548 * Otherwise empty lines are ignored.
1549 */
1550
1551 int eof, eob;
1552
1553 struct dumpfld {
1554 int fldno;
1555 char *fldname;
1556 int is_bool;
1557 } dumpflds[] = {
1558 { 0, "start", 0 },
1559 { 1, "size", 0 },
1560 { 2, "Id", 0 },
1561 { 3, "bootable", 1 },
1562 { 4, "bh", 0 },
1563 { 5, "bs", 0 },
1564 { 6, "bc", 0 },
1565 { 7, "eh", 0 },
1566 { 8, "es", 0 },
1567 { 9, "ec", 0 }
1568 };
1569
1570 /*
1571 * Read a line, split it into fields
1572 *
1573 * (some primitive handwork, but a more elaborate parser seems
1574 * unnecessary)
1575 */
1576 #define RD_EOF (-1)
1577 #define RD_CMD (-2)
1578
1579 int
1580 read_stdin(unsigned char **fields, unsigned char *line, int fieldssize, int linesize) {
1581 unsigned char *lp, *ip;
1582 int c, fno;
1583
1584 /* boolean true and empty string at start */
1585 line[0] = '*';
1586 line[1] = 0;
1587 for (fno=0; fno < fieldssize; fno++)
1588 fields[fno] = line + 1;
1589 fno = 0;
1590
1591 /* read a line from stdin */
1592 lp = fgets(line+2, linesize, stdin);
1593 if (lp == NULL) {
1594 eof = 1;
1595 return RD_EOF;
1596 }
1597 if (!(lp = index(lp, '\n')))
1598 fatal("long or incomplete input line - quitting\n");
1599 *lp = 0;
1600
1601 /* remove comments, if any */
1602 if ((lp = index(line+2, '#')) != 0)
1603 *lp = 0;
1604
1605 /* recognize a few commands - to be expanded */
1606 if (!strcmp(line+2, "unit: sectors")) {
1607 specified_format = F_SECTOR;
1608 return RD_CMD;
1609 }
1610
1611 /* dump style? - then bad input is fatal */
1612 if ((ip = index(line+2, ':')) != 0) {
1613 struct dumpfld *d;
1614
1615 nxtfld:
1616 ip++;
1617 while(isspace(*ip))
1618 ip++;
1619 if (*ip == 0)
1620 return fno;
1621 for(d = dumpflds; d-dumpflds < SIZE(dumpflds); d++) {
1622 if(!strncmp(ip, d->fldname, strlen(d->fldname))) {
1623 ip += strlen(d->fldname);
1624 while(isspace(*ip))
1625 ip++;
1626 if (d->is_bool)
1627 fields[d->fldno] = line;
1628 else if (*ip == '=') {
1629 while(isspace(*++ip)) ;
1630 fields[d->fldno] = ip;
1631 while(isalnum(*ip)) /* 0x07FF */
1632 ip++;
1633 } else
1634 fatal("input error: `=' expected after %s field\n",
1635 d->fldname);
1636 if (fno <= d->fldno)
1637 fno = d->fldno + 1;
1638 if(*ip == 0)
1639 return fno;
1640 if(*ip != ',' && *ip != ';')
1641 fatal("input error: unexpected character %c after %s field\n",
1642 *ip, d->fldname);
1643 *ip = 0;
1644 goto nxtfld;
1645 }
1646 }
1647 fatal("unrecognized input: %s\n", ip);
1648 }
1649
1650 /* split line into fields */
1651 lp = ip = line+2;
1652 fields[fno++] = lp;
1653 while((c = *ip++) != 0) {
1654 if (!lp[-1] && (c == '\t' || c == ' '))
1655 ;
1656 else if (c == '\t' || c == ' ' || c == ',' || c == ';') {
1657 *lp++ = 0;
1658 if (fno < fieldssize)
1659 fields[fno++] = lp;
1660 continue;
1661 } else
1662 *lp++ = c;
1663 }
1664
1665 if (lp == fields[fno-1])
1666 fno--;
1667 return fno;
1668 }
1669
1670 /* read a number, use default if absent */
1671 int
1672 get_ul(char *u, unsigned long *up, unsigned long def, int base) {
1673 char *nu;
1674
1675 if (*u) {
1676 errno = 0;
1677 *up = strtoul(u, &nu, base);
1678 if (errno == ERANGE) {
1679 printf("number too big\n");
1680 return -1;
1681 }
1682 if (*nu) {
1683 printf("trailing junk after number\n");
1684 return -1;
1685 }
1686 } else
1687 *up = def;
1688 return 0;
1689 }
1690
1691 /* There are two common ways to structure extended partitions:
1692 as nested boxes, and as a chain. Sometimes the partitions
1693 must be given in order. Sometimes all logical partitions
1694 must lie inside the outermost extended partition.
1695 NESTED: every partition is contained in the surrounding partitions
1696 and is disjoint from all others.
1697 CHAINED: every data partition is contained in the surrounding partitions
1698 and disjoint from all others, but extended partitions may lie outside
1699 (insofar as allowed by all_logicals_inside_outermost_extended).
1700 ONESECTOR: all data partitions are mutually disjoint; extended partitions
1701 each use one sector only (except perhaps for the outermost one).
1702 */
1703 int partitions_in_order = 0;
1704 int all_logicals_inside_outermost_extended = 1;
1705 enum { NESTED, CHAINED, ONESECTOR } boxes = NESTED;
1706
1707 /* find the default value for <start> - assuming entire units */
1708 unsigned long
1709 first_free(int pno, int is_extended, struct part_desc *ep, int format,
1710 unsigned long mid, struct disk_desc *z) {
1711 unsigned long ff, fff;
1712 unsigned long unit = unitsize(format);
1713 struct part_desc *partitions = &(z->partitions[0]), *pp = 0;
1714
1715 /* if containing ep undefined, look at its container */
1716 if (ep && ep->p.sys_type == EMPTY_PARTITION)
1717 ep = ep->ep;
1718
1719 if (ep) {
1720 if (boxes == NESTED || (boxes == CHAINED && !is_extended))
1721 pp = ep;
1722 else if (all_logicals_inside_outermost_extended)
1723 pp = outer_extended_partition(ep);
1724 }
1725 #if 0
1726 ff = pp ? (pp->start + unit - 1) / unit : 0;
1727 #else
1728 /* rounding up wastes almost an entire cylinder - round down
1729 and leave it to compute_start_sect() to fix the difference */
1730 ff = pp ? pp->start / unit : 0;
1731 #endif
1732 /* MBR and 1st sector of an extended partition are never free */
1733 if (unit == 1)
1734 ff++;
1735
1736 again:
1737 for(pp = partitions; pp < partitions+pno; pp++) {
1738 if (!is_parent(pp, ep) && pp->size > 0) {
1739 if ((partitions_in_order || pp->start / unit <= ff
1740 || (mid && pp->start / unit <= mid))
1741 && (fff = (pp->start + pp->size + unit - 1) / unit) > ff) {
1742 ff = fff;
1743 goto again;
1744 }
1745 }
1746 }
1747
1748 return ff;
1749 }
1750
1751 /* find the default value for <size> - assuming entire units */
1752 unsigned long
1753 max_length(int pno, int is_extended, struct part_desc *ep, int format,
1754 unsigned long start, struct disk_desc *z) {
1755 unsigned long fu;
1756 unsigned long unit = unitsize(format);
1757 struct part_desc *partitions = &(z->partitions[0]), *pp = 0;
1758
1759 /* if containing ep undefined, look at its container */
1760 if (ep && ep->p.sys_type == EMPTY_PARTITION)
1761 ep = ep->ep;
1762
1763 if (ep) {
1764 if (boxes == NESTED || (boxes == CHAINED && !is_extended))
1765 pp = ep;
1766 else if (all_logicals_inside_outermost_extended)
1767 pp = outer_extended_partition(ep);
1768 }
1769 fu = pp ? (pp->start + pp->size) / unit : get_disksize(format);
1770
1771 for(pp = partitions; pp < partitions+pno; pp++)
1772 if (!is_parent(pp, ep) && pp->size > 0
1773 && pp->start / unit >= start && pp->start / unit < fu)
1774 fu = pp->start / unit;
1775
1776 return (fu > start) ? fu - start : 0;
1777 }
1778
1779 /* compute starting sector of a partition inside an extended one */
1780 /* ep is 0 or points to surrounding extended partition */
1781 int
1782 compute_start_sect(struct part_desc *p, struct part_desc *ep) {
1783 unsigned long base;
1784 int inc = (DOS && sectors) ? sectors : 1;
1785 int delta;
1786
1787 if (ep && p->start + p->size >= ep->start + 1)
1788 delta = p->start - ep->start - inc;
1789 else if (p->start == 0 && p->size > 0)
1790 delta = -inc;
1791 else
1792 delta = 0;
1793 if (delta < 0) {
1794 p->start -= delta;
1795 p->size += delta;
1796 if (is_extended(p->p.sys_type) && boxes == ONESECTOR)
1797 p->size = inc;
1798 else if ((int)(p->size) <= 0) {
1799 warn("no room for partition descriptor\n");
1800 return 0;
1801 }
1802 }
1803 base = (!ep ? 0
1804 : (is_extended(p->p.sys_type) ?
1805 outer_extended_partition(ep) : ep)->start);
1806 p->ep = ep;
1807 if (p->p.sys_type == EMPTY_PARTITION && p->size == 0) {
1808 p->p.start_sect = 0;
1809 p->p.begin_chs = zero_chs;
1810 p->p.end_chs = zero_chs;
1811 } else {
1812 p->p.start_sect = p->start - base;
1813 p->p.begin_chs = ulong_to_chs(p->start);
1814 p->p.end_chs = ulong_to_chs(p->start + p->size - 1);
1815 }
1816 p->p.nr_sects = p->size;
1817 return 1;
1818 }
1819
1820 /* build the extended partition surrounding a given logical partition */
1821 int
1822 build_surrounding_extended(struct part_desc *p, struct part_desc *ep,
1823 struct disk_desc *z) {
1824 int inc = (DOS && sectors) ? sectors : 1;
1825 int format = F_SECTOR;
1826 struct part_desc *p0 = &(z->partitions[0]), *eep = ep->ep;
1827
1828 if (boxes == NESTED) {
1829 ep->start = first_free(ep-p0, 1, eep, format, p->start, z);
1830 ep->size = max_length(ep-p0, 1, eep, format, ep->start, z);
1831 if (ep->start > p->start || ep->start + ep->size < p->start + p->size) {
1832 warn("cannot build surrounding extended partition\n");
1833 return 0;
1834 }
1835 } else {
1836 ep->start = p->start;
1837 if(boxes == CHAINED)
1838 ep->size = p->size;
1839 else
1840 ep->size = inc;
1841 }
1842
1843 ep->p.nr_sects = ep->size;
1844 ep->p.bootable = 0;
1845 ep->p.sys_type = EXTENDED_PARTITION;
1846 if (!compute_start_sect(ep, eep) || !compute_start_sect(p, ep)) {
1847 ep->p.sys_type = EMPTY_PARTITION;
1848 ep->size = 0;
1849 return 0;
1850 }
1851
1852 return 1;
1853 }
1854
1855 int
1856 read_line(int pno, struct part_desc *ep, char *dev, int interactive,
1857 struct disk_desc *z) {
1858 unsigned char line[1000];
1859 unsigned char *fields[11];
1860 int fno, pct = pno%4;
1861 struct part_desc p, *orig;
1862 unsigned long ff, ff1, ul, ml, ml1, def;
1863 int format, lpno, is_extd;
1864
1865 if (eof || eob)
1866 return -1;
1867
1868 lpno = index_to_linux(pno, z);
1869
1870 if (interactive) {
1871 if (pct == 0 && (show_extended || pno == 0))
1872 warn("\n");
1873 warn("%8s%d: ", dev, lpno);
1874 }
1875
1876 /* read input line - skip blank lines when reading from a file */
1877 do {
1878 fno = read_stdin(fields, line, SIZE(fields), SIZE(line));
1879 } while(fno == RD_CMD || (fno == 0 && !interactive));
1880 if (fno == RD_EOF) {
1881 return -1;
1882 } else if (fno > 10 && *(fields[10]) != 0) {
1883 printf("too many input fields\n");
1884 return 0;
1885 }
1886
1887 if (fno == 1 && !strcmp(fields[0], ".")) {
1888 eob = 1;
1889 return -1;
1890 }
1891
1892 /* use specified format, but round to cylinders if F_MEGABYTE specified */
1893 format = 0;
1894 if (cylindersize && specified_format == F_MEGABYTE)
1895 format = F_CYLINDER;
1896
1897 orig = (one_only ? &(oldp.partitions[pno]) : 0);
1898
1899 p = zero_part_desc;
1900 p.ep = ep;
1901
1902 /* first read the type - we need to know whether it is extended */
1903 /* stop reading when input blank (defaults) and all is full */
1904 is_extd = 0;
1905 if (fno == 0) { /* empty line */
1906 if (orig && is_extended(orig->p.sys_type))
1907 is_extd = 1;
1908 ff = first_free(pno, is_extd, ep, format, 0, z);
1909 ml = max_length(pno, is_extd, ep, format, ff, z);
1910 if (ml == 0 && is_extd == 0) {
1911 is_extd = 1;
1912 ff = first_free(pno, is_extd, ep, format, 0, z);
1913 ml = max_length(pno, is_extd, ep, format, ff, z);
1914 }
1915 if (ml == 0 && pno >= 4) {
1916 /* no free blocks left - don't read any further */
1917 warn("No room for more\n");
1918 return -1;
1919 }
1920 }
1921 if (fno < 3 || !*(fields[2]))
1922 ul = orig ? orig->p.sys_type :
1923 (is_extd || (pno > 3 && pct == 1 && show_extended))
1924 ? EXTENDED_PARTITION : LINUX_NATIVE;
1925 else if(!strcmp(fields[2], "L"))
1926 ul = LINUX_NATIVE;
1927 else if(!strcmp(fields[2], "S"))
1928 ul = LINUX_SWAP;
1929 else if(!strcmp(fields[2], "E"))
1930 ul = EXTENDED_PARTITION;
1931 else if(!strcmp(fields[2], "X"))
1932 ul = LINUX_EXTENDED;
1933 else if (get_ul(fields[2], &ul, LINUX_NATIVE, 16))
1934 return 0;
1935 if (ul > 255) {
1936 warn("Illegal type\n");
1937 return 0;
1938 }
1939 p.p.sys_type = ul;
1940 is_extd = is_extended(ul);
1941
1942 /* find start */
1943 ff = first_free(pno, is_extd, ep, format, 0, z);
1944 ff1 = ff * unitsize(format);
1945 def = orig ? orig->start : (pno > 4 && pct > 1) ? 0 : ff1;
1946 if (fno < 1 || !*(fields[0]))
1947 p.start = def;
1948 else {
1949 if (get_ul(fields[0], &ul, def / unitsize(0), 0))
1950 return 0;
1951 p.start = ul * unitsize(0);
1952 p.start -= (p.start % unitsize(format));
1953 }
1954
1955 /* find length */
1956 ml = max_length(pno, is_extd, ep, format, p.start / unitsize(format), z);
1957 ml1 = ml * unitsize(format);
1958 def = orig ? orig->size : (pno > 4 && pct > 1) ? 0 : ml1;
1959 if (fno < 2 || !*(fields[1]))
1960 p.size = def;
1961 else {
1962 if (get_ul(fields[1], &ul, def / unitsize(0), 0))
1963 return 0;
1964 p.size = ul * unitsize(0) + unitsize(format) - 1;
1965 p.size -= (p.size % unitsize(format));
1966 }
1967 if (p.size > ml1) {
1968 warn("Warning: exceeds max allowable size (%lu)\n", ml1 / unitsize(0));
1969 if (!force)
1970 return 0;
1971 }
1972 if (p.size == 0 && pno >= 4 && (fno < 2 || !*(fields[1]))) {
1973 warn("Warning: empty partition\n");
1974 if (!force)
1975 return 0;
1976 }
1977 p.p.nr_sects = p.size;
1978
1979 if (p.size == 0 && !orig) {
1980 if(fno < 1 || !*(fields[0]))
1981 p.start = 0;
1982 if(fno < 3 || !*(fields[2]))
1983 p.p.sys_type = EMPTY_PARTITION;
1984 }
1985
1986 if (p.start < ff1 && p.size > 0) {
1987 warn("Warning: bad partition start (earliest %lu)\n",
1988 (ff1 + unitsize(0) - 1) / unitsize(0));
1989 if (!force)
1990 return 0;
1991 }
1992
1993 if (fno < 4 || !*(fields[3]))
1994 ul = (orig ? orig->p.bootable : 0);
1995 else if (!strcmp(fields[3], "-"))
1996 ul = 0;
1997 else if (!strcmp(fields[3], "*") || !strcmp(fields[3], "+"))
1998 ul = 0x80;
1999 else {
2000 warn("unrecognized bootable flag - choose - or *\n");
2001 return 0;
2002 }
2003 p.p.bootable = ul;
2004
2005 if (ep && ep->p.sys_type == EMPTY_PARTITION) {
2006 if(!build_surrounding_extended(&p, ep, z))
2007 return 0;
2008 } else
2009 if(!compute_start_sect(&p, ep))
2010 return 0;
2011
2012 { longchs aa = chs_to_longchs(p.p.begin_chs), bb;
2013
2014 if (fno < 5) {
2015 bb = aa;
2016 } else if (fno < 7) {
2017 warn("partial c,h,s specification?\n");
2018 return 0;
2019 } else if(get_ul(fields[4], &bb.c, aa.c, 0) ||
2020 get_ul(fields[5], &bb.h, aa.h, 0) ||
2021 get_ul(fields[6], &bb.s, aa.s, 0))
2022 return 0;
2023 p.p.begin_chs = longchs_to_chs(bb);
2024 }
2025 { longchs aa = chs_to_longchs(p.p.end_chs), bb;
2026
2027 if (fno < 8) {
2028 bb = aa;
2029 } else if (fno < 10) {
2030 warn("partial c,h,s specification?\n");
2031 return 0;
2032 } else if(get_ul(fields[7], &bb.c, aa.c, 0) ||
2033 get_ul(fields[8], &bb.h, aa.h, 0) ||
2034 get_ul(fields[9], &bb.s, aa.s, 0))
2035 return 0;
2036 p.p.end_chs = longchs_to_chs(bb);
2037 }
2038
2039 if (pno > 3 && p.size && show_extended && p.p.sys_type != EMPTY_PARTITION
2040 && (is_extended(p.p.sys_type) != (pct == 1))) {
2041 warn("Extended partition not where expected\n");
2042 if (!force)
2043 return 0;
2044 }
2045
2046 z->partitions[pno] = p;
2047 if (pno >= z->partno)
2048 z->partno += 4; /* reqd for out_partition() */
2049
2050 if (interactive)
2051 out_partition(dev, 0, &(z->partitions[pno]), z);
2052
2053 return 1;
2054 }
2055
2056 /* ep either points to the extended partition to contain this one,
2057 or to the empty partition that may become extended or is 0 */
2058 int
2059 read_partition(char *dev, int interactive, int pno, struct part_desc *ep,
2060 struct disk_desc *z) {
2061 struct part_desc *p = &(z->partitions[pno]);
2062 int i;
2063
2064 if (one_only) {
2065 *p = oldp.partitions[pno];
2066 if (one_only_pno != pno)
2067 goto ret;
2068 } else if (!show_extended && pno > 4 && pno%4)
2069 goto ret;
2070
2071 while (!(i = read_line(pno, ep, dev, interactive, z)))
2072 if (!interactive)
2073 fatal("bad input\n");
2074 if (i < 0) {
2075 p->ep = ep;
2076 return 0;
2077 }
2078
2079 ret:
2080 p->ep = ep;
2081 if (pno >= z->partno)
2082 z->partno += 4;
2083 return 1;
2084 }
2085
2086 void
2087 read_partition_chain(char *dev, int interactive, struct part_desc *ep,
2088 struct disk_desc *z) {
2089 int i, base;
2090
2091 eob = 0;
2092 while (1) {
2093 base = z->partno;
2094 if (base+4 > SIZE(z->partitions)) {
2095 printf("too many partitions\n");
2096 break;
2097 }
2098 for (i=0; i<4; i++)
2099 if (!read_partition(dev, interactive, base+i, ep, z))
2100 return;
2101 for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
2102 ep = &(z->partitions[base+i]);
2103 if (is_extended(ep->p.sys_type) && ep->size)
2104 break;
2105 }
2106 if (i == 4) {
2107 /* nothing found - maybe an empty partition is going
2108 to be extended */
2109 if (one_only || show_extended)
2110 break;
2111 ep = &(z->partitions[base+1]);
2112 if (ep->size || ep->p.sys_type != EMPTY_PARTITION)
2113 break;
2114 }
2115 }
2116 }
2117
2118 void
2119 read_input(char *dev, int interactive, struct disk_desc *z) {
2120 int i;
2121 struct part_desc *partitions = &(z->partitions[0]), *ep;
2122
2123 for (i=0; i < SIZE(z->partitions); i++)
2124 partitions[i] = zero_part_desc;
2125 z->partno = 0;
2126
2127 if (interactive)
2128 warn("
2129 Input in the following format; absent fields get a default value.
2130 <start> <size> <type [E,S,L,X,hex]> <bootable [-,*]> <c,h,s> <c,h,s>
2131 Usually you only need to specify <start> and <size> (and perhaps <type>).
2132 ");
2133 eof = 0;
2134
2135 for (i=0; i<4; i++)
2136 read_partition(dev, interactive, i, 0, z);
2137 for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
2138 ep = partitions+i;
2139 if (is_extended(ep->p.sys_type) && ep->size)
2140 read_partition_chain(dev, interactive, ep, z);
2141 }
2142 add_sector_and_offset(z);
2143 }
2144
2145 /*
2146 * G. The command line
2147 */
2148
2149 static void version(void) {
2150 printf(PROGNAME " version " VERSION " (aeb@cwi.nl, " DATE ")\n");
2151 }
2152
2153 static void
2154 usage(void) {
2155 version();
2156 printf("Usage:
2157 " PROGNAME " [options] device ...
2158 device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
2159 useful options:
2160 -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
2161 -c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
2162 -l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
2163 -d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
2164 -i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
2165 -uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
2166 -T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
2167 -D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
2168 -R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
2169 -N# : change only the partition with number #
2170 -n : do not actually write to disk
2171 -O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
2172 -I file : restore these sectors again
2173 -v [or --version]: print version
2174 -? [or --help]: print this message
2175 dangerous options:
2176 -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
2177 -x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
2178 or expect descriptors for them on input
2179 -L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
2180 -q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
2181 You can override the detected geometry using:
2182 -C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
2183 -H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
2184 -S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
2185 You can disable all consistency checking with:
2186 -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
2187 ");
2188 exit(1);
2189 }
2190
2191 static void
2192 activate_usage(char *progn) {
2193 printf("Usage:
2194 %s device list active partitions on device
2195 %s device n1 n2 ... activate partitions n1 ..., inactivate the rest
2196 %s device activate partition n, inactivate the other ones
2197 ", progn, progn, PROGNAME " -An");
2198 exit(1);
2199 }
2200
2201 static void
2202 unhide_usage(char *progn) {
2203 exit(1);
2204 }
2205
2206 static char short_opts[] = "cdfgilnqsu:vx?1A::C:DH:I:LN:O:RS:TU::V";
2207
2208 #define PRINT_ID 0400
2209 #define CHANGE_ID 01000
2210
2211 static const struct option long_opts[] = {
2212 { "change-id", no_argument, NULL, 'c' + CHANGE_ID },
2213 { "print-id", no_argument, NULL, 'c' + PRINT_ID },
2214 { "id", no_argument, NULL, 'c' },
2215 { "dump", no_argument, NULL, 'd' },
2216 { "force", no_argument, NULL, 'f' },
2217 { "show-geometry", no_argument, NULL, 'g' },
2218 { "increment", no_argument, NULL, 'i' },
2219 { "list", no_argument, NULL, 'l' },
2220 { "quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q' },
2221 { "show-size", no_argument, NULL, 's' },
2222 { "unit", required_argument, NULL, 'u' },
2223 { "version", no_argument, NULL, 'v' },
2224 { "show-extended", no_argument, NULL, 'x' },
2225 { "help", no_argument, NULL, '?' },
2226 { "one-only", no_argument, NULL, '1' },
2227 { "cylinders", required_argument, NULL, 'C' },
2228 { "heads", required_argument, NULL, 'H' },
2229 { "sectors", required_argument, NULL, 'S' },
2230 { "activate", optional_argument, NULL, 'A' },
2231 { "DOS", no_argument, NULL, 'D' },
2232 { "Linux", no_argument, NULL, 'L' },
2233 { "re-read", no_argument, NULL, 'R' },
2234 { "list-types", no_argument, NULL, 'T' },
2235 { "unhide", optional_argument, NULL, 'U' },
2236 { "no-reread", no_argument, NULL, 160 },
2237 { "IBM", no_argument, NULL, 161 },
2238 { "leave-last", no_argument, NULL, 161 },
2239 /* undocumented flags - not all completely implemented */
2240 { "in-order", no_argument, NULL, 128 },
2241 { "not-in-order", no_argument, NULL, 129 },
2242 { "inside-outer", no_argument, NULL, 130 },
2243 { "not-inside-outer", no_argument, NULL, 131 },
2244 { "nested", no_argument, NULL, 132 },
2245 { "chained", no_argument, NULL, 133 },
2246 { "onesector", no_argument, NULL, 134 },
2247 { NULL, 0, NULL, 0 }
2248 };
2249
2250 /* default devices to list */
2251 static struct devd {
2252 char *pref, *letters;
2253 } defdevs[] = {
2254 { "hd", "abcdefgh" },
2255 { "sd", "abcde" },
2256 { "xd", "ab" }
2257 };
2258
2259 int
2260 is_ide_cdrom(char *device) {
2261 /* No device was given explicitly, and we are trying some
2262 likely things. But opening /dev/hdc may produce errors like
2263 "hdc: tray open or drive not ready"
2264 if it happens to be a CD-ROM drive. So try to be careful.
2265 This only works since 2.1.73. */
2266
2267 FILE *procf;
2268 char buf[100];
2269 struct stat statbuf;
2270
2271 sprintf(buf, "/proc/ide/%s/media", device+5);
2272 procf = fopen(buf, "r");
2273 if (procf != NULL && fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), procf))
2274 return !strncmp(buf, "cdrom", 5);
2275
2276 /* Now when this proc file does not exist, skip the
2277 device when it is read-only. */
2278 if (stat(device, &statbuf) == 0)
2279 return (statbuf.st_mode & 0222) == 0;
2280
2281 return 0;
2282 }
2283
2284 void do_list(char *dev, int silent);
2285 void do_size(char *dev, int silent);
2286 void do_geom(char *dev, int silent);
2287 void do_fdisk(char *dev);
2288 void do_reread(char *dev);
2289 void do_change_id(char *dev, char *part, char *id);
2290 void do_unhide(char **av, int ac, char *arg);
2291 void do_activate(char **av, int ac, char *arg);
2292
2293 int total_size;
2294
2295 int
2296 main(int argc, char **argv) {
2297 char *progn;
2298 int c;
2299 char *dev;
2300 int opt_size = 0;
2301 int opt_out_geom = 0;
2302 int opt_reread = 0;
2303 int activate = 0;
2304 int do_id = 0;
2305 int unhide = 0;
2306 int fdisk = 0;
2307 char *activatearg = 0;
2308 char *unhidearg = 0;
2309
2310 if (argc < 1)
2311 fatal("no command?\n");
2312 if ((progn = rindex(argv[0], '/')) == NULL)
2313 progn = argv[0];
2314 else
2315 progn++;
2316 if (!strcmp(progn, "activate"))
2317 activate = 1; /* equivalent to `fdisk -A' */
2318 #if 0 /* not important enough to deserve a name */
2319 else if (!strcmp(progn, "unhide"))
2320 unhide = 1; /* equivalent to `fdisk -U' */
2321 #endif
2322 else
2323 fdisk = 1;
2324
2325 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts, NULL)) != -1) {
2326 switch (c) {
2327 case 'f':
2328 force = 1; break; /* does not imply quiet */
2329 case 'g':
2330 opt_out_geom = 1; break;
2331 case 'i':
2332 increment = 1; break;
2333 case 'c':
2334 case 'c' + PRINT_ID:
2335 case 'c' + CHANGE_ID:
2336 do_id = c; break;
2337 case 'd':
2338 dump = 1; /* fall through */
2339 case 'l':
2340 opt_list = 1; break;
2341 case 'n':
2342 no_write = 1; break;
2343 case 'q':
2344 quiet = 1; break;
2345 case 's':
2346 opt_size = 1; break;
2347 case 'u':
2348 set_format(*optarg); break;
2349 case 'v':
2350 version();
2351 exit(0);
2352 case 'x':
2353 show_extended = 1; break;
2354 case 'A':
2355 activatearg = optarg;
2356 activate = 1; break;
2357 case 'C':
2358 specified_cylinders = atoi(optarg); break;
2359 case 'D':
2360 DOS = 1; break;
2361 case 'H':
2362 specified_heads = atoi(optarg); break;
2363 case 'L':
2364 Linux = 1; break;
2365 case 'N':
2366 one_only = atoi(optarg); break;
2367 case 'I':
2368 restore_sector_file = optarg; break;
2369 case 'O':
2370 save_sector_file = optarg; break;
2371 case 'R':
2372 opt_reread = 1; break;
2373 case 'S':
2374 specified_sectors = atoi(optarg); break;
2375 case 'T':
2376 list_types();
2377 exit(0);
2378 case 'U':
2379 unhidearg = optarg;
2380 unhide = 1; break;
2381 case 'V':
2382 verify = 1; break;
2383 case '?':
2384 default:
2385 usage(); break;
2386
2387 /* undocumented flags */
2388 case 128:
2389 partitions_in_order = 1; break;
2390 case 129:
2391 partitions_in_order = 0; break;
2392 case 130:
2393 all_logicals_inside_outermost_extended = 1; break;
2394 case 131:
2395 all_logicals_inside_outermost_extended = 0; break;
2396 case 132:
2397 boxes = NESTED; break;
2398 case 133:
2399 boxes = CHAINED; break;
2400 case 134:
2401 boxes = ONESECTOR; break;
2402
2403 /* more flags */
2404 case 160:
2405 no_reread = 1; break;
2406 case 161:
2407 leave_last = 1; break;
2408 }
2409 }
2410
2411 if (optind == argc && (opt_list || opt_out_geom || opt_size || verify)) {
2412 struct devd *dp;
2413 char *lp;
2414 char device[10];
2415
2416 total_size = 0;
2417
2418 for(dp = defdevs; dp-defdevs < SIZE(defdevs); dp++) {
2419 lp = dp->letters;
2420 while(*lp) {
2421 sprintf(device, "/dev/%s%c", dp->pref, *lp++);
2422 if (!strcmp(dp->pref, "hd") && is_ide_cdrom(device))
2423 continue;
2424 if (opt_out_geom)
2425 do_geom(device, 1);
2426 if (opt_size)
2427 do_size(device, 1);
2428 if (opt_list || verify)
2429 do_list(device, 1);
2430 }
2431 }
2432
2433 if (opt_size)
2434 printf("total: %d blocks\n", total_size);
2435
2436 exit(exit_status);
2437 }
2438
2439 if (optind == argc) {
2440 if (activate)
2441 activate_usage(fdisk ? "fdisk -A" : progn);
2442 else if (unhide)
2443 unhide_usage(fdisk ? "fdisk -U" : progn);
2444 else
2445 usage();
2446 }
2447
2448 if (opt_list || opt_out_geom || opt_size || verify) {
2449 while (optind < argc) {
2450 if (opt_out_geom)
2451 do_geom(argv[optind], 0);
2452 if (opt_size)
2453 do_size(argv[optind], 0);
2454 if (opt_list || verify)
2455 do_list(argv[optind], 0);
2456 optind++;
2457 }
2458 exit(exit_status);
2459 }
2460
2461 if (activate) {
2462 do_activate(argv+optind, argc-optind, activatearg);
2463 exit(exit_status);
2464 }
2465 if (unhide) {
2466 do_unhide(argv+optind, argc-optind, unhidearg);
2467 exit(exit_status);
2468 }
2469 if (do_id) {
2470 if ((do_id & PRINT_ID) != 0 && optind != argc-2)
2471 fatal("usage: fdisk --print-id device partition-number\n");
2472 else if ((do_id & CHANGE_ID) != 0 && optind != argc-3)
2473 fatal("usage: fdisk --change-id device partition-number Id\n");
2474 else if (optind != argc-3 && optind != argc-2)
2475 fatal("usage: fdisk --id device partition-number [Id]\n");
2476 do_change_id(argv[optind], argv[optind+1],
2477 (optind == argc-2) ? 0 : argv[optind+2]);
2478 exit(exit_status);
2479 }
2480
2481 if (optind != argc-1)
2482 fatal("can specify only one device (except with -l or -s)\n");
2483 dev = argv[optind];
2484
2485 if (opt_reread)
2486 do_reread(dev);
2487 else if (restore_sector_file)
2488 restore_sectors(dev);
2489 else
2490 do_fdisk(dev);
2491
2492 return 0;
2493 }
2494
2495 /*
2496 * H. Listing the current situation
2497 */
2498
2499 int
2500 my_open (char *dev, int rw, int silent) {
2501 int fd, mode;
2502
2503 mode = (rw ? O_RDWR : O_RDONLY);
2504 fd = open(dev, mode);
2505 if (fd < 0 && !silent) {
2506 perror(dev);
2507 fatal("cannot open %s %s\n", dev, rw ? "read-write" : "for reading");
2508 }
2509 return fd;
2510 }
2511
2512 void
2513 do_list (char *dev, int silent) {
2514 int fd;
2515 struct disk_desc *z;
2516
2517 fd = my_open(dev, 0, silent);
2518 if (fd < 0)
2519 return;
2520
2521 z = &oldp;
2522
2523 free_sectors();
2524 get_cylindersize(dev, fd, dump ? 1 : opt_list ? 0 : 1);
2525 get_partitions(dev, fd, z);
2526
2527 if (opt_list)
2528 out_partitions(dev, z);
2529
2530 if (verify) {
2531 if (partitions_ok(z))
2532 warn("%s: OK\n", dev);
2533 else
2534 exit_status = 1;
2535 }
2536 }
2537
2538 void
2539 do_geom (char *dev, int silent) {
2540 int fd;
2541 struct hd_geometry g;
2542
2543 fd = my_open(dev, 0, silent);
2544 if (fd < 0)
2545 return;
2546
2547 /* get_cylindersize(dev, fd, silent); */
2548 if (!ioctl(fd, HDIO_GETGEO, &g))
2549 printf("%s: %d cylinders, %d heads, %d sectors/track\n",
2550 dev, g.cylinders, g.heads, g.sectors);
2551 else
2552 printf("%s: unknown geometry\n", dev);
2553 }
2554
2555 /* for compatibility with earlier fdisk: provide option -s */
2556 void
2557 do_size (char *dev, int silent) {
2558 int fd, size;
2559
2560 fd = my_open(dev, 0, silent);
2561 if (fd < 0)
2562 return;
2563
2564 if(ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE, &size)) {
2565 if(!silent) {
2566 perror(dev);
2567 fatal("BLKGETSIZE ioctl failed for %s\n", dev);
2568 }
2569 return;
2570 }
2571
2572 size /= 2; /* convert sectors to blocks */
2573 if (silent)
2574 printf("%s: %9d\n", dev, size);
2575 else
2576 printf("%d\n", size);
2577
2578 total_size += size;
2579 }
2580
2581 /*
2582 * Activate: usually one wants to have a single primary partition
2583 * to be active. OS/2 fdisk makes non-bootable logical partitions
2584 * active - I don't know what that means to OS/2 Boot Manager.
2585 *
2586 * Call: activate /dev/hda 2 5 7 make these partitions active
2587 * and the remaining ones inactive
2588 * Or: fdisk -A /dev/hda 2 5 7
2589 *
2590 * If only a single partition must be active, one may also use the form
2591 * fdisk -A2 /dev/hda
2592 *
2593 * With "activate /dev/hda" or "fdisk -A /dev/hda" the active partitions
2594 * are listed but not changed. To get zero active partitions, use
2595 * "activate /dev/hda none" or "fdisk -A /dev/hda none".
2596 * Use something like `echo ",,,*" | fdisk -N2 /dev/hda' to only make
2597 * /dev/hda2 active, without changing other partitions.
2598 *
2599 * A warning will be given if after the change not precisely one primary
2600 * partition is active.
2601 *
2602 * The present syntax was chosen to be (somewhat) compatible with the
2603 * activate from the LILO package.
2604 */
2605 void
2606 set_active (struct disk_desc *z, char *pnam) {
2607 int pno;
2608
2609 pno = asc_to_index(pnam, z);
2610 z->partitions[pno].p.bootable = 0x80;
2611 }
2612
2613 void
2614 do_activate (char **av, int ac, char *arg) {
2615 char *dev = av[0];
2616 int fd;
2617 int rw, i, pno, lpno;
2618 struct disk_desc *z;
2619
2620 z = &oldp;
2621
2622 rw = (!no_write && (arg || ac > 1));
2623 fd = my_open(dev, rw, 0);
2624
2625 free_sectors();
2626 get_cylindersize(dev, fd, 1);
2627 get_partitions(dev, fd, z);
2628
2629 if (!arg && ac == 1) {
2630 /* list active partitions */
2631 for (pno=0; pno < z->partno; pno++) {
2632 if (z->partitions[pno].p.bootable) {
2633 lpno = index_to_linux(pno, z);
2634 if (pno == linux_to_index(lpno, z))
2635 printf("%s%d\n", dev, lpno);
2636 else
2637 printf("%s#%d\n", dev, pno);
2638 if (z->partitions[pno].p.bootable != 0x80)
2639 warn("bad active byte: 0x%x instead of 0x80\n",
2640 z->partitions[pno].p.bootable);
2641 }
2642 }
2643 } else {
2644 /* clear `active byte' everywhere */
2645 for (pno=0; pno < z->partno; pno++)
2646 z->partitions[pno].p.bootable = 0;
2647
2648 /* then set where desired */
2649 if (ac == 1)
2650 set_active(z, arg);
2651 else for(i=1; i<ac; i++)
2652 set_active(z, av[i]);
2653
2654 /* then write to disk */
2655 if(write_partitions(dev, fd, z))
2656 warn("Done\n\n");
2657 else
2658 exit_status = 1;
2659 }
2660 i = 0;
2661 for (pno=0; pno < z->partno && pno < 4; pno++)
2662 if (z->partitions[pno].p.bootable)
2663 i++;
2664 if (i != 1)
2665 warn("You have %d active primary partitions. This does not matter for LILO,\n"
2666 "but the DOS MBR will only boot a disk with 1 active partition.\n", i);
2667 }
2668
2669 void
2670 set_unhidden (struct disk_desc *z, char *pnam) {
2671 int pno;
2672 unsigned char id;
2673
2674 pno = asc_to_index(pnam, z);
2675 id = z->partitions[pno].p.sys_type;
2676 if (id == 0x11 || id == 0x14 || id == 0x16 || id == 0x17)
2677 id -= 0x10;
2678 else
2679 fatal("partition %s has id %x and is not hidden\n", pnam, id);
2680 z->partitions[pno].p.sys_type = id;
2681 }
2682
2683 /*
2684 * maybe remove and make part of --change-id
2685 */
2686 void
2687 do_unhide (char **av, int ac, char *arg) {
2688 char *dev = av[0];
2689 int fd, rw, i;
2690 struct disk_desc *z;
2691
2692 z = &oldp;
2693
2694 rw = !no_write;
2695 fd = my_open(dev, rw, 0);
2696
2697 free_sectors();
2698 get_cylindersize(dev, fd, 1);
2699 get_partitions(dev, fd, z);
2700
2701 /* unhide where desired */
2702 if (ac == 1)
2703 set_unhidden(z, arg);
2704 else for(i=1; i<ac; i++)
2705 set_unhidden(z, av[i]);
2706
2707 /* then write to disk */
2708 if(write_partitions(dev, fd, z))
2709 warn("Done\n\n");
2710 else
2711 exit_status = 1;
2712 }
2713
2714 void do_change_id(char *dev, char *pnam, char *id) {
2715 int fd, rw, pno;
2716 struct disk_desc *z;
2717 unsigned long i;
2718
2719 z = &oldp;
2720
2721 rw = !no_write;
2722 fd = my_open(dev, rw, 0);
2723
2724 free_sectors();
2725 get_cylindersize(dev, fd, 1);
2726 get_partitions(dev, fd, z);
2727
2728 pno = asc_to_index(pnam, z);
2729 if (id == 0) {
2730 printf("%x\n", z->partitions[pno].p.sys_type);
2731 return;
2732 }
2733 i = strtoul(id, NULL, 16);
2734 if (i > 255)
2735 fatal("Bad Id %x\n", i);
2736 z->partitions[pno].p.sys_type = i;
2737
2738 if(write_partitions(dev, fd, z))
2739 warn("Done\n\n");
2740 else
2741 exit_status = 1;
2742 }
2743
2744 void
2745 do_reread(char *dev) {
2746 int fd;
2747
2748 fd = my_open(dev, 0, 0);
2749 if(reread_ioctl(fd))
2750 printf("This disk is currently in use.\n");
2751 }
2752
2753 /*
2754 * I. Writing the new situation
2755 */
2756
2757 void
2758 do_fdisk(char *dev){
2759 int fd;
2760 int c, answer;
2761 struct stat statbuf;
2762 int interactive = isatty(0);
2763 struct disk_desc *z;
2764
2765 if (stat(dev, &statbuf) < 0) {
2766 perror(dev);
2767 fatal("Fatal error: cannot find %s\n", dev);
2768 }
2769 if (!S_ISBLK(statbuf.st_mode)) {
2770 warn("Warning: %s is not a block device\n", dev);
2771 }
2772 fd = my_open(dev, !no_write, 0);
2773
2774 if(!no_write && !no_reread) {
2775 warn("Checking that no-one is using this disk right now ...\n");
2776 if(reread_ioctl(fd)) {
2777 printf("
2778 This disk is currently in use - repartitioning is probably a bad idea.
2779 Umount all file systems, and swapoff all swap partitions on this disk.
2780 Use the --no-reread flag to suppress this check.\n");
2781 if (!force) {
2782 printf("Use the --force flag to overrule all checks.\n");
2783 exit(1);
2784 }
2785 } else
2786 warn("OK");
2787 }
2788
2789 z = &oldp;
2790
2791 free_sectors();
2792 get_cylindersize(dev, fd, 0);
2793 get_partitions(dev, fd, z);
2794
2795 printf("Old situation:\n");
2796 out_partitions(dev, z);
2797
2798 if (one_only && (one_only_pno = linux_to_index(one_only, z)) < 0)
2799 fatal("Partition %d does not exist, cannot change it\n", one_only);
2800
2801 z = &newp;
2802
2803 while(1) {
2804
2805 read_input(dev, interactive, z);
2806
2807 printf("New situation:\n");
2808 out_partitions(dev, z);
2809
2810 if (!partitions_ok(z) && !force) {
2811 if(!interactive)
2812 fatal("I don't like these partitions - nothing changed.\n"
2813 "(If you really want this, use the --force option.)\n");
2814 else
2815 printf("I don't like this - probably you should answer No\n");
2816 }
2817 ask:
2818 if (interactive) {
2819 if (no_write)
2820 printf("Are you satisfied with this? [ynq] ");
2821 else
2822 printf("Do you want to write this to disk? [ynq] ");
2823 answer = c = getchar();
2824 while (c != '\n' && c != EOF)
2825 c = getchar();
2826 if (c == EOF)
2827 printf("\nfdisk: premature end of input\n");
2828 if (c == EOF || answer == 'q' || answer == 'Q') {
2829 fatal("Quitting - nothing changed\n");
2830 } else if (answer == 'n' || answer == 'N') {
2831 continue;
2832 } else if (answer == 'y' || answer == 'Y') {
2833 break;
2834 } else {
2835 printf("Please answer one of y,n,q\n");
2836 goto ask;
2837 }
2838 } else
2839 break;
2840 }
2841
2842 if(write_partitions(dev, fd, z))
2843 printf("Successfully wrote the new partition table\n\n");
2844 else
2845 exit_status = 1;
2846
2847 reread_disk_partition(dev, fd);
2848
2849 warn("If you created or changed a DOS partition, /dev/foo7, say, then use dd(1)\n"
2850 "to zero the first 512 bytes: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/foo7 bs=512 count=1\n"
2851 "(See fdisk(8).)\n");
2852
2853 sync(); /* superstition */
2854 sleep(3);
2855 exit(exit_status);
2856 }