"Fossies" - the Fresh Open Source Software Archive

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Pandoc, the universal document converter, can serve as a nice intro into functional programming with Haskell. For many contributors, including the author of this guide, pandoc was their first real exposure to this language. Despite its impressive size of more than 60.000 lines of Haskell code (excluding the test suite), pandoc is still very approachable due to its modular architecture. It can serve as an interesting subject for learning.

This guide exists to navigate the large amount of sources, to lay-out a path that can be followed for learning, and to explain the underlying concepts.

A basic understanding of Haskell and of pandoc's functionality is assumed.

Getting the code

Pandoc has a publicly accessible git repository on GitHub: https://github.com/jgm/pandoc. To get a local copy of the source:

git clone https://github.com/jgm/pandoc

The source for the main pandoc program is app/pandoc.hs. The source for the pandoc library is in src/, the source for the tests is in test/, and the source for the benchmarks is in benchmark/.

Core type definitions are in the separate pandoc-types repo. Get it with

git clone https://github.com/jgm/pandoc-types

The organization of library and test sources is identical to the main repo.

Document representation

The way documents are represented in pandoc is part of its success. Every document is read into one central data structure, the so-called abstract syntax tree (AST).

The AST is defined in module Text.Pandoc.Definition in package pandoc-types.

It is not necessary to understand the AST in detail, just check-out the following points:

• The Pandoc type serves as the central structure.

• A document has metadata and a list of "block" elements.

• There are various types of blocks; some contain raw text, others contain "Inline" elements.

• Inlines are "running text", with many different types. The most important constructors are Str (a word), Space (a space char), Emph (emphasized text), and Strong (strongly emphasized text). It's worth checking their definitions.

• Element attributes are captured as Attr, which is a triple of the element identifier, its classes, and the key-value pairs.^[For plans to change this see jgm/pandoc-types#88.]

Basic architecture

Take a look at pandoc's source files. The code is below the src directory, in the Text.Pandoc module. The basic flow is:

1. Document is parsed into the internal representation by a reader;

2. the document AST is modified (optional);

3. then the internal representation is converted into the target format by a writer.

The [readers] can be found in Text.Pandoc.Readers, while the [writers] are submodules of Text.Pandoc.Writers. The document modification step is powerful and used in different ways, e.g., in [filters].

These parts are the "muscles" of pandoc, which do the heavy lifting. Everything else can be thought of as the bones and fibers to which these parts are attached and which make them usable.

Writers

Writers are usually simpler than readers and therefore easier to grasp.

Broadly speaking, there are three kind of writers:

1. Text writers: these are used for lightweight markup languages and generate plain text output. Examples: Markdown, Org, reStructuredText.
2. XML writers, which convert the AST into structured XML. Examples: HTML, JATS.
3. Binary writers, which are like XML writers, but combine the output with other data and zip it into a single file. Examples: docx, epub.

Most writers follow a common pattern and have three main functions: docToFormat, blockToFormat and inlineToFormat. Each converts the Pandoc, Block, and Inline elements, respectively. The XWiki and TEI writers are comparatively simple and suitable samples when taking a first look.

Most writers are self-contained in that most of the conversion code is within a single module. However, newer writers often use a different setup: those are built around modules from an external package. The details of how to serialize the document are not in the writer module itself, but in an external module. The writer only has to convert pandoc's AST into the document representation used by the module. Good examples: commonmark, jira.

DocLayout

All writers build on the doclayout package. It can be thought of as a pretty printer with extra features suitable for lightweight markup languages. E.g., multiple blank lines are collapsed into a single blank line, unless multiple blank lines are specifically requested. This simplifies the code significantly.

See the repo at https://github.com/jgm/doclayout, and the hackage documentation

Readers

The same distinction that applies to writers also applies to readers. Readers for XML formats use XML parsing libraries, while plain text formats are parsed with parsec.

Builders

The plain type constructors from the Text.Pandoc.Definition module can be difficult to use, which is why the module Text.Pandoc.Builder exists. It offers functions to conveniently build and combine AST elements.

The most interesting and important types in Builder are Blocks and Inlines. All type constructors use simple lists for sequences of AST elements. Building lists can be awkward and often comes with bad performance characteristics, esp. when appending. The Blocks and Inlines types are better suited for these operations and are therefore used extensively in builder functions.

The builder functions are named with the convention that the suffix With is added if the first argument is an Attr; there is usually another function without that suffix, creating an element with no attributes.

PandocMonad

Looking at the readers and writers, one will notice that they all operate within the PandocMonad type class. This class gives access to options, file operations, and other shared information. The typeclass has two main implementations: one operates in IO, so on the "real world", while the other provides a pure functional interface, suitable to "mock" an environment for testing.

Document modifications

One of the big advantages of a central document structure is that it allows document modifications via a unified interface. This section describes the multiple ways in which the document can be altered.

Walkable

Document traversal happens through the Walkable class in module Text.Pandoc.Walk ([pandoc-types package]).

Transformations

Transformations are simple modifications controllable through command-line options.

Filters

Filters allow to use Lua or any external language to perform document transformations.

Module overview

The library is structured as follows:

• Text.Pandoc is a top-level module that exports what is needed by most users of the library. Any patches that add new readers or writers will need to make changes here, too.
• Text.Pandoc.Definition (in pandoc-types) defines the types used for representing a pandoc document.
• Text.Pandoc.Builder (in pandoc-types) provides functions for building pandoc documents programmatically.
• Text.Pandoc.Generics (in pandoc-types) provides functions allowing you to promote functions that operate on parts of pandoc documents to functions that operate on whole pandoc documents, walking the tree automatically.
• Text.Pandoc.Readers.* are the readers, and Text.Pandoc.Writers.* are the writers.
• Text.Pandoc.Citeproc.* contain the code for citation handling, including an interface to the [citeproc] library.
• Text.Pandoc.Data is used to embed data files when the embed_data_files cabal flag is used.
• Text.Pandoc.Emoji is a thin wrapper around [emojis].
• Text.Pandoc.Highlighting contains the interface to the skylighting library, which is used for code syntax highlighting.
• Text.Pandoc.ImageSize is a utility module containing functions for calculating image sizes from the contents of image files.
• Text.Pandoc.MIME contains functions for associating MIME types with extensions.
• Text.Pandoc.Lua.* implement Lua filters.
• Text.Pandoc.Options defines reader and writer options.
• Text.Pandoc.PDF contains functions for producing PDFs.
• Text.Pandoc.Parsing contains parsing functions used in multiple readers. the needs of pandoc.
• Text.Pandoc.SelfContained contains functions for making an HTML file "self-contained," by importing remotely linked images, CSS, and JavaScript and turning them into data: URLs.
• Text.Pandoc.Shared is a grab-bag of shared utility functions.
• Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared contains utilities used in writers only.
• Text.Pandoc.Slides contains functions for splitting a markdown document into slides, using the conventions described in the MANUAL.
• Text.Pandoc.Templates defines pandoc's templating system.
• Text.Pandoc.UTF8 contains functions for converting text to and from UTF8 bytestrings (strict and lazy).
• Text.Pandoc.Asciify contains functions to derive ascii versions of identifiers that use accented characters.
• Text.Pandoc.UUID contains functions for generating UUIDs.
• Text.Pandoc.XML contains functions for formatting XML.