are utilities to create, check and label (MS-DOS) FAT filesystems.
| mkfs.fat.8.in (dosfstools-4.1) | : | mkfs.fat.8.in (dosfstools-4.2) |
|---|
| .\" mkfs.fat.8 - manpage for fs.fatck | | .\" mkfs.fat.8 - manpage for fs.fatck |
| .\" | | .\" |
| .\" Copyright (C) 2006-2014 Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org> | | .\" Copyright (C) 2006-2014 Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org> |
| .\" Copyright (C) 2016 Andreas Bombe <aeb@debian.org> | | .\" Copyright (C) 2016 Andreas Bombe <aeb@debian.org> |
|
| | .\" Copyright (C) 2018-2021 Pali Rohár <pali.rohar@gmail.com> |
| .\" | | .\" |
| .\" This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify | | .\" This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify |
| .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | | .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by |
| .\" the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or | | .\" the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or |
| .\" (at your option) any later version. | | .\" (at your option) any later version. |
| .\" | | .\" |
| .\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | | .\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, |
| .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | | .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
| .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the | | .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the |
| .\" GNU General Public License for more details. | | .\" GNU General Public License for more details. |
| .\" | | .\" |
| .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | | .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
| .\" along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | | .\" along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
| .\" | | .\" |
| .\" The complete text of the GNU General Public License | | .\" The complete text of the GNU General Public License |
| .\" can be found in /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-3 file. | | .\" can be found in /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-3 file. |
| .\" | | .\" |
| .\" | | .\" |
|
| .TH MKFS.FAT 8 2016\-01\-25 "dosfstools @PACKAGE_VERSION@" | | .TH MKFS.FAT 8 @RELEASE_DATE@ "dosfstools @PACKAGE_VERSION@" |
| .SH NAME | | .SH NAME |
|
| \fBmkfs.fat\fR \- create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux | | mkfs.fat \- create an MS-DOS FAT filesystem |
| .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .SH SYNOPSIS | | .SH SYNOPSIS |
|
| \fBmkfs.fat\fR [\fIOPTIONS\fR] \fIDEVICE\fR [\fIBLOCK-COUNT\fR] | | \fBmkfs.fat\fP [\fIOPTIONS\fP] \fIDEVICE\fP [\fIBLOCK-COUNT\fP] |
| .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .SH DESCRIPTION | | .SH DESCRIPTION |
|
| \fBmkfs.fat\fR is used to create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux on a device | | \fBmkfs.fat\fP is used to create a FAT filesystem on a device or in an image |
| (usually a disk partition). | | file. |
| \fIDEVICE\fR is the special file corresponding to the device (e.g. /dev/sdXX). | | \fIDEVICE\fP is the special file corresponding to the device (e.g. /dev/sdXX) or |
| \fIBLOCK-COUNT\fR is the number of blocks on the device. | | the image file (which does not need to exist when the option \fB-C\fP is given). |
| If omitted, \fBmkfs.fat\fR automatically determines the filesystem size. | | \fIBLOCK-COUNT\fP is the number of blocks on the device and size of one block is |
| | always 1024 bytes, independently of the sector size or the cluster size. |
| | Therefore \fIBLOCK-COUNT\fP specifies size of filesystem in KiB unit and not in |
| | the number of sectors (like for all other \fBmkfs.fat\fP options). |
| | If omitted, \fBmkfs.fat\fP automatically chooses a filesystem size to fill the |
| | available space. |
| | .PP |
| | Two different variants of the FAT filesystem are supported. |
| | Standard is the FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 filesystems as defined by Microsoft and |
| | widely used on hard disks and removable media like USB sticks and SD cards. |
| | The other is the legacy Atari variant used on Atari ST. |
| | .PP |
| | In Atari mode, if not directed otherwise by the user, \fBmkfs.fat\fP will |
| | always use 2 sectors per cluster, since GEMDOS doesn't like other values very |
| | much. |
| | It will also obey the maximum number of sectors GEMDOS can handle. |
| | Larger filesystems are managed by raising the logical sector size. |
| | An Atari-compatible serial number for the filesystem is generated, and a 12 bit |
| | FAT is used only for filesystems that have one of the usual floppy sizes (720k, |
| | 1.2M, 1.44M, 2.88M), a 16 bit FAT otherwise. |
| | This can be overridden with the \fB\-F\fP option. |
| | Some PC-specific boot sector fields aren't written, and a boot message (option |
| | \fB\-m\fP) is ignored. |
| .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .SH OPTIONS | | .SH OPTIONS |
|
| .IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-a\fP" 4 |
| Normally, for any filesystem except very small ones, \fBmkfs.fat\fR will align | | Normally, for any filesystem except very small ones, \fBmkfs.fat\fP will align |
| all the data structures to cluster size, to make sure that as long as the | | all the data structures to cluster size, to make sure that as long as the |
| partition is properly aligned, so will all the data structures in the | | partition is properly aligned, so will all the data structures in the |
| filesystem. | | filesystem. |
| This option disables alignment; this may provide a handful of additional | | This option disables alignment; this may provide a handful of additional |
| clusters of storage at the expense of a significant performance degradation on | | clusters of storage at the expense of a significant performance degradation on |
| RAIDs, flash media or large-sector hard disks. | | RAIDs, flash media or large-sector hard disks. |
|
| .IP "\fB \-A\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-A\fP" 4 |
| Use Atari variation of the MS-DOS filesystem. | | Select using the Atari variation of the FAT filesystem if that isn't active |
| This is default if \fBmkfs.fat\fR is run on an Atari, then this option turns off | | already, otherwise select standard FAT filesystem. |
| Atari format. | | This is selected by default if \fBmkfs.fat\fP is run on 68k Atari Linux. |
| There are some differences when using Atari format: | | .IP "\fB\-b\fP \fISECTOR-OF-BACKUP\fP" 4 |
| If not directed otherwise by the user, \fBmkfs.fat\fR will always use 2 sectors | | |
| per cluster, since GEMDOS doesn't like other values very much. | | |
| It will also obey the maximum number of sectors GEMDOS can handle. | | |
| Larger filesystems are managed by raising the logical sector size. | | |
| Under Atari format, an Atari-compatible serial number for the filesystem is | | |
| generated, and a 12 bit FAT is used only for filesystems that have one of the | | |
| usual floppy sizes (720k, 1.2M, 1.44M, 2.88M), a 16 bit FAT otherwise. | | |
| This can be overridden with the \fB\-F\fR option. | | |
| Some PC-specific boot sector fields aren't written, and a boot message (option | | |
| \fB\-m\fR) is ignored. | | |
| .IP "\fB\-b\fR \fISECTOR-OF-BACKUP\fR" 4 | | |
| Selects the location of the backup boot sector for FAT32. | | Selects the location of the backup boot sector for FAT32. |
| Default depends on number of reserved sectors, but usually is sector 6. | | Default depends on number of reserved sectors, but usually is sector 6. |
|
| | If there is a free space available after the backup boot sector then backup of |
| | the FAT32 info sector is put after the backup boot sector, usually at sector 7. |
| The backup must be within the range of reserved sectors. | | The backup must be within the range of reserved sectors. |
|
| | Value 0 completely disables creating of backup boot and info FAT32 sectors. |
| .IP "\fB\-c" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-c" 4 |
| Check the device for bad blocks before creating the filesystem. | | Check the device for bad blocks before creating the filesystem. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-C\fP" 4 |
| Create the file given as \fIDEVICE\fR on the command line, and write the | | Create the file given as \fIDEVICE\fP on the command line, and write the |
| to-be-created filesystem to it. | | to-be-created filesystem to it. |
| This can be used to create the new filesystem in a file instead of on a real | | This can be used to create the new filesystem in a file instead of on a real |
|
| device, and to avoid using \fBdd\fR in advance to create a file of appropriate | | device, and to avoid using \fBdd\fP in advance to create a file of appropriate |
| size. | | size. |
|
| With this option, the \fIBLOCK-COUNT\fR must be given, because otherwise the | | With this option, the \fIBLOCK-COUNT\fP must be given, because otherwise the |
| intended size of the filesystem wouldn't be known. | | intended size of the filesystem wouldn't be known. |
| The file created is a sparse file, which actually only contains the meta-data | | The file created is a sparse file, which actually only contains the meta-data |
| areas (boot sector, FATs, and root directory). | | areas (boot sector, FATs, and root directory). |
| The data portions won't be stored on the disk, but the file nevertheless will | | The data portions won't be stored on the disk, but the file nevertheless will |
| have the correct size. | | have the correct size. |
| The resulting file can be copied later to a floppy disk or other device, or | | The resulting file can be copied later to a floppy disk or other device, or |
| mounted through a loop device. | | mounted through a loop device. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-D\fR \fIDRIVE-NUMBER\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-D\fP \fIDRIVE-NUMBER\fP" 4 |
| Specify the BIOS drive number to be stored in the FAT boot sector. | | Specify the BIOS drive number to be stored in the FAT boot sector. |
|
| This value is usually 0x80 for hard disks and 0x00 for floppy devices or | | For hard disks and removable medias it is usually 0x80\(en0xFF (0x80 is first |
| partitions to be used for floppy emulation. | | hard disk C:, 0x81 is second hard disk D:, ...), for floppy devices or |
| .IP "\fB\-f\fR \fINUMBER-OF-FATS\fR" 4 | | partitions to be used for floppy emulation it is 0x00\(en0x7F (0x00 is first |
| | floppy A:, 0x01 is second floppy B:). |
| | .IP "\fB\-f\fP \fINUMBER-OF-FATS\fP" 4 |
| Specify the number of file allocation tables in the filesystem. | | Specify the number of file allocation tables in the filesystem. |
| The default is 2. | | The default is 2. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-F\fR \fIFAT-SIZE\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-F\fP \fIFAT-SIZE\fP" 4 |
| Specifies the type of file allocation tables used (12, 16 or 32 bit). | | Specifies the type of file allocation tables used (12, 16 or 32 bit). |
|
| If nothing is specified, \fBmkfs.fat\fR will automatically select between 12, 16 | | If nothing is specified, \fBmkfs.fat\fP will automatically select between 12, 16 |
| and 32 bit, whatever fits better for the filesystem size. | | and 32 bit, whatever fits better for the filesystem size. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-h\fR \fINUMBER-OF-HIDDEN-SECTORS\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-g\fP \fIHEADS\fP/\fISECTORS-PER-TRACK\fP" 4 |
| Select the number of hidden sectors in the volume. | | Specify \fIHEADS\fP and \fISECTORS-PER-TRACK\fP numbers which represents |
| Apparently some digital cameras get indigestion if you feed them a CF card | | disk geometry of \fIDEVICE\fP. |
| without such hidden sectors, this option allows you to satisfy them. | | Both numbers are stored into the FAT boot sector. |
| .IP "\fB\-i\fR \fIVOLUME-ID\fR" 4 | | Number \fISECTORS-PER-TRACK\fP is used also for aligning the total count of FAT |
| Sets the volume ID of the newly created filesystem; \fIVOLUME-ID\fR is a 32-bit | | sectors. |
| | By default disk geometry is read from \fIDEVICE\fP itself. |
| | If it is not available then \fILBA-Assist Translation\fP and translation table |
| | from the \fISD Card Part 2 File System Specification\fP based on total number |
| | of disk sectors is used. |
| | .IP "\fB\-h\fP \fINUMBER-OF-HIDDEN-SECTORS\fP" 4 |
| | Specify the number of so-called \fIhidden sectors\fP, as stored in the FAT boot |
| | sector: this number represents the beginning sector of the partition containing |
| | the file system. |
| | Normally this is an offset (in sectors) relative to the start of the disk, |
| | although for MBR logical volumes contained in an extended partition of type 0x05 |
| | (a non-LBA extended partition), a quirk in the MS-DOS implementation of FAT |
| | requires it to be relative to the partition's immediate containing Extended Boot |
| | Record. |
| | Boot code and other software handling FAT volumes may also rely on this field |
| | being set up correctly; most modern FAT implementations will ignore it. |
| | By default, if the \fIDEVICE\fP is a partition block device, \fBmkfs.fat\fP uses |
| | the partition offset relative to disk start. |
| | Otherwise, \fBmkfs.fat\fP assumes zero. |
| | Use this option to override this behaviour. |
| | .IP "\fB\-i\fP \fIVOLUME-ID\fP" 4 |
| | Sets the volume ID of the newly created filesystem; \fIVOLUME-ID\fP is a 32-bit |
| hexadecimal number (for example, 2e24ec82). | | hexadecimal number (for example, 2e24ec82). |
| The default is a number which depends on the filesystem creation time. | | The default is a number which depends on the filesystem creation time. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-I\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-I\fP" 4 |
| It is typical for fixed disk devices to be partitioned so, by default, you are | | Ignore and disable safety checks. |
| not permitted to create a filesystem across the entire device. | | By default \fBmkfs.fat\fP refuses to create a filesystem on a device with |
| \fBmkfs.fat\fR will complain and tell you that it refuses to work. | | partitions or virtual mapping. |
| | \fBmkfs.fat\fP will complain and tell you that it refuses to work. |
| This is different when using MO disks. | | This is different when using MO disks. |
| One doesn't always need partitions on MO disks. | | One doesn't always need partitions on MO disks. |
| The filesystem can go directly to the whole disk. | | The filesystem can go directly to the whole disk. |
|
| Under other OSes this is known as the 'superfloppy' format. | | Under other OSes this is known as the \fIsuperfloppy\fP format. |
| This switch will force \fBmkfs.fat\fR to work properly. | | This switch will force \fBmkfs.fat\fP to work properly. |
| .IP "\fB\-l\fR \fIFILENAME\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-l\fP \fIFILENAME\fP" 4 |
| Read the bad blocks list from \fIFILENAME\fR. | | Read the bad blocks list from \fIFILENAME\fP. |
| .IP "\fB\-m\fR \fIMESSAGE-FILE\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-m\fP \fIMESSAGE-FILE\fP" 4 |
| Sets the message the user receives on attempts to boot this filesystem without | | Sets the message the user receives on attempts to boot this filesystem without |
| having properly installed an operating system. | | having properly installed an operating system. |
| The message file must not exceed 418 bytes once line feeds have been converted | | The message file must not exceed 418 bytes once line feeds have been converted |
| to carriage return-line feed combinations, and tabs have been expanded. | | to carriage return-line feed combinations, and tabs have been expanded. |
| If the filename is a hyphen (-), the text is taken from standard input. | | If the filename is a hyphen (-), the text is taken from standard input. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-M\fR \fIFAT-MEDIA-TYPE\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-M\fP \fIFAT-MEDIA-TYPE\fP" 4 |
| Specify the media type to be stored in the FAT boot sector. | | Specify the media type to be stored in the FAT boot sector. |
| This value is usually 0xF8 for hard disks and is 0xF0 or a value from 0xF9 to | | This value is usually 0xF8 for hard disks and is 0xF0 or a value from 0xF9 to |
| 0xFF for floppies or partitions to be used for floppy emulation. | | 0xFF for floppies or partitions to be used for floppy emulation. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-n\fR \fIVOLUME-NAME\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-\-mbr\fP[=\fIy\fP|\fIyes\fP|\fIn\fP|\fIno\fP|\fIa\fP|\fIauto\fP]" 4 |
| | Fill (fake) MBR table with disk signature one partition which starts at sector |
| | 0 (includes MBR itself) and spans whole disk device. |
| | It is needed only for non-removable disks used on Microsoft Windows systems and |
| | only when formatting whole unpartitioned disk. |
| | Location of the disk signature and partition table overlaps with the end of the |
| | first FAT sector (boot code location), therefore there is no additional space |
| | usage. |
| | Default is \fIauto\fP mode in which \fBmkfs.fat\fP put MBR table only for |
| | non-removable disks when formatting whole unpartitioned disk. |
| | .IP "\fB\-n\fP \fIVOLUME-NAME\fP" 4 |
| Sets the volume name (label) of the filesystem. | | Sets the volume name (label) of the filesystem. |
| The volume name can be up to 11 characters long. | | The volume name can be up to 11 characters long. |
|
| | Supplying an empty string, a string consisting only of white space or the |
| | string "NO NAME" as \fIVOLUME-NAME\fP has the same effect as not giving the |
| | \fB\-n\fP option. |
| The default is no label. | | The default is no label. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-r\fR \fIROOT-DIR-ENTRIES\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-\-codepage\fP=\fIPAGE\fP" 4 |
| Select the number of entries available in the root directory. | | Use DOS codepage \fIPAGE\fP to encode label. |
| | By default codepage 850 is used. |
| | .IP "\fB\-r\fP \fIROOT-DIR-ENTRIES\fP" 4 |
| | Select the minimal number of entries available in the root directory. |
| The default is 112 or 224 for floppies and 512 for hard disks. | | The default is 112 or 224 for floppies and 512 for hard disks. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-R\fR \fINUMBER-OF-RESERVED-SECTORS\fR" 4 | | Note that this is minimal number and it may be increased by \fBmkfs.fat\fP |
| Select the number of reserved sectors. | | due to alignment of structures. |
| | See also \fBmkfs.fat\fP option \fB\-a\fP. |
| | .IP "\fB\-R\fP \fINUMBER-OF-RESERVED-SECTORS\fP" 4 |
| | Select the minimal number of reserved sectors. |
| With FAT32 format at least 2 reserved sectors are needed, the default is 32. | | With FAT32 format at least 2 reserved sectors are needed, the default is 32. |
| Otherwise the default is 1 (only the boot sector). | | Otherwise the default is 1 (only the boot sector). |
|
| .IP "\fB\-s\fR \fISECTORS-PER-CLUSTER\fR" 4 | | Note that this is minimal number and it may be increased by \fBmkfs.fat\fP |
| | due to alignment of structures. |
| | See also \fBmkfs.fat\fP option \fB\-a\fP. |
| | .IP "\fB\-s\fP \fISECTORS-PER-CLUSTER\fP" 4 |
| Specify the number of disk sectors per cluster. | | Specify the number of disk sectors per cluster. |
| Must be a power of 2, i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, ... 128. | | Must be a power of 2, i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, ... 128. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-S\fR \fILOGICAL-SECTOR-SIZE\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-S\fP \fILOGICAL-SECTOR-SIZE\fP" 4 |
| Specify the number of bytes per logical sector. | | Specify the number of bytes per logical sector. |
| Must be a power of 2 and greater than or equal to 512, i.e. 512, 1024, 2048, | | Must be a power of 2 and greater than or equal to 512, i.e. 512, 1024, 2048, |
| 4096, 8192, 16384, or 32768. | | 4096, 8192, 16384, or 32768. |
| Values larger than 4096 are not conforming to the FAT file system specification | | Values larger than 4096 are not conforming to the FAT file system specification |
| and may not work everywhere. | | and may not work everywhere. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-v\fP" 4 |
| Verbose execution. | | Verbose execution. |
|
| .IP "\fB\-\-invariant\fR" 4 | | .IP "\fB\-\-offset\fP \fISECTOR\fP" 4 |
| | Write the filesystem at a specific sector into the device file. |
| | This is useful for creating a filesystem in a partitioned disk image without |
| | having to set up a loop device. |
| | .IP "\fB\-\-variant\fP \fITYPE\fP" 4 |
| | Create a filesystem of variant \fITYPE\fP. |
| | Acceptable values are \fIstandard\fP and \fIatari\fP (in any combination of |
| | upper/lower case). |
| | See above under DESCRIPTION for the differences. |
| | .IP "\fB\-\-help\fP" 4 |
| | Display option summary and exit. |
| | .IP "\fB\-\-invariant\fP" 4 |
| Use constants for normally randomly generated or time based data such as | | Use constants for normally randomly generated or time based data such as |
| volume ID and creation time. | | volume ID and creation time. |
|
| Multiple runs of \fBmkfs.fat\fR on the same device create identical results | | Multiple runs of \fBmkfs.fat\fP on the same device create identical results |
| with this option. | | with this option. |
|
| Its main purpose is testing \fBmkfs.fat\fR. | | Its main purpose is testing \fBmkfs.fat\fP. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4 | | |
| Display option summary and exit. | | |
| .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .SH BUGS | | .SH BUGS |
|
| \fBmkfs.fat\fR can not create boot-able filesystems. | | \fBmkfs.fat\fP can not create boot-able filesystems. |
| This isn't as easy as you might think at first glance for various reasons and | | This isn't as easy as you might think at first glance for various reasons and |
| has been discussed a lot already. | | has been discussed a lot already. |
|
| \fBmkfs.fat\fR simply will not support it ;) | | \fBmkfs.fat\fP simply will not support it ;) |
| .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .SH SEE ALSO | | .SH SEE ALSO |
|
| \fBfatlabel\fR(8) | | .BR fatlabel (8), |
| .br | | .BR fsck.fat (8) |
| \fBfsck.fat\fR(8) | | |
| .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .SH HOMEPAGE | | .SH HOMEPAGE |
|
| The home for the \fBdosfstools\fR project is its | | The home for the \fBdosfstools\fP project is its |
| .UR https://github.com/dosfstools/dosfstools | | .UR https://github.com/dosfstools/dosfstools |
| GitHub project page | | GitHub project page |
| .UE . | | .UE . |
| .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | .\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .SH AUTHORS | | .SH AUTHORS |
|
| \fBdosfstools\fR were written by | | \fBdosfstools\fP were written by |
| .MT werner.almesberger@\:lrc.di.epfl.ch | | .MT werner.almesberger@\:lrc.di.epfl.ch |
| Werner Almesberger | | Werner Almesberger |
| .ME , | | .ME , |
| .MT Roman.Hodek@\:informatik.\:uni-erlangen.de | | .MT Roman.Hodek@\:informatik.\:uni-erlangen.de |
| Roman Hodek | | Roman Hodek |
| .ME , | | .ME , |
| and others. | | and others. |
|
| The current maintainer is | | Current maintainers are |
| .MT aeb@\:debian.org | | .MT aeb@\:debian.org |
| Andreas Bombe | | Andreas Bombe |
|
| | .ME |
| | and |
| | .MT pali.rohar@\:gmail.com |
| | Pali Rohár |
| .ME . | | .ME . |
| | | |
| End of changes. 37 change blocks. |
|---|
| 73 lines changed or deleted | | 146 lines changed or added |
|---|
"Fossies" - the Fresh Open Source Software Archive 